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Biodiesel is synthesized via the transesterification of lipid feedstocks with low molecular weight alcohols. Industrially, alkaline bases such as sodium and potassium hydroxides (NaOH–KOH) are used to catalyze the reaction. These catalysts require anhydrous conditions and feedstocks with low levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). Water in the reaction promotes the formation of FFAs, which can deactivate...