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A 3D numerical implementation of the limit analysis upper bound theorem is used to determine active horizontal earth pressure coefficients. Results of the ratio between the 3D and 2D horizontal active earth pressure coefficients for both soil weight and surcharge are shown and found to be almost independent of the soil-to-wall friction ratio, as is the case with passive earth pressure coefficients...
A finite element software implementing both the upper and the lower-bound theorems of limit analysis has been recently developed in the Civil Engineering Department of FCT/UNL. This tool has the ability to automatically determine compatible velocity fields for the upper-bound case and equilibrated and plastically admissible stress fields for the lower-bound case. The upper and lower bounds are obtained...
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