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Periodic breathing (PB) is often observed in patients with HF at rest, with sleep and during exercise. However, mechanisms underlying abnormal ventilatory control are not entirely established. Eleven subjects with HF (10 males, age = 69 ± 12 y) and 12 age-matched control subjects (8 males, age = 65 ± 9 y) participated in the study. PB was defined as a peak in the 0.003–0.04 Hz frequency range of...