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INTRODUCTION: Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) of adult rats are thought to be means of social communication and are divided into two categories, 55 kHz and 22 kHz, signaling, respectively, appetitive and aversive states. These states are also known for changes in the heart rate (HR). The autonomous system has a role in both USV shaping and HR response. A common signaling pathway via the vagus nerve...
This paper describes a procedure for estimating the market's perceived probability distribution of future exchange rates from the prices of risk reversals, strangles and other currency options, and uses the procedure to estimate the risk neutral ex ante probability of a realignment of the pound sterling. The procedure for estimating the realignment probabilities relies on the jump-diffusion model...
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