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The role of the ascending cholinergic projection from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) to septum in the production of 22kHz ultrasonic vocalization was studied in adult rats, using behavioral-pharmacological and anatomical tracing methods. Direct application of carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, into the lateral septal region induced species-typical 22kHz alarm calls. The septum receives cholinergic...