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The natural regeneration of beech (Fagus sylvatica) was studied under various shelterwood densities and soil preparations in a 130-year-old beech stand in southern Sweden. Between 1990 and 1996, seedling emergence, survival, growth and damage were followed in a clear-cut and in two shelterwoods with different densities, in plots with undisturbed ground, bare mineral soil or ridges with mineral soil...