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We found that the antioxidant protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx) is more highly expressed in osteoclasts than in macrophages. Moreover, transfection of RAW 264.7 (RAW) cells with a Trx-expression construct resulted in a dramatic increase in their capacity for osteoclast formation. In contrast, Trx-expression was suppressed and osteoclast formation was abrogated by transfection with the antioxidant proteins...