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In this article, the effect of ionization on the energy spectrum of electrons within the interaction of a laser pulse with hydrogen atoms is investigated using particle‐in‐cell simulation codes. The results show that the behaviour of electrons' energy distribution function in the field‐ionized plasma, which occurred due to the field ionization, compared with that in the pre‐plasma strongly depends...
Renewable energies especially Run-Of the-River (ROR) power plants are increasingly used for the electricity generation in the power systems. The uncertain and intermittent nature of these plants arisen from variability of water flow, however, has led to some problems in their integration to power systems. Thus, the operating reserve requirement in a power system containing large ROR plants is a main...
In the present work, we have extended the noise features of a class-A laser from the single-mode state with one oscillating freedom to the three-mode state with three oscillating freedoms. The laser noise is modeled by the cavity Langevin force in the absence of other two atomic population inversion and dipole moment Langevin forces. The Maxwell-Bloch equations of motion are thus solved in the presence...
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