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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure induces depression-like symptoms in animals. In this model, rats subjected for a prolonged time to mild stressors gradually decrease their responsiveness to rewarding stimuli. This deficit can be effectively reversed by chronic antidepressant treatment. Apoptotic changes in the prefrontal cortex were shown in animal stress models, as well...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The stress impaired the structure and activity ofthe prefrontal cortical(PFC) neurons has been postulated to underlie the pathology of stress related psychiatric disorders. NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors of PFC were shown to be affected by stress. High level of the noradrenaline release during stress is known to stimulate the β adrenergic receptors (βAR), densely expressed...
Heat shock proteins HSP70 play a protective role against stressinduced damage of cells. We assessed the expression of inducible Hsp72 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of male Wistar rats subjected to the chronic mild stress (CMS), the procedure inducing depression-like symptoms, and subsequently Different brain areas are thought to be integrated into largescale networks. Recent...
Apoptosis is controlled by the balance between pro- (Bax) and anti-(Bcl-2, Bcl-xl) apoptotic proteins within the cell. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl interact with Bax in the outer mitochondrial membrane and regulate the release of cytochrome c, which activates caspases, the main executors of apoptosis. The increased ratio of pro- vs. antiapoptotic proteins is associated with an enhanced vulnerability to apoptotic...
Despite many years of research on depression the mechanism of the disorder remains elusive. Many studies are focused on dysfunction of central monoaminergic systems and some evidence exist for the role of α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR). There are three subtypes of this receptor - α1A, α1B and α1D, which are widely distributed in brain. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of all three α1-AR,...
The chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure induces depression-like symptoms in animals. In this model of animals’ depression, rats subjected for a prolonged period of time to a variety of mild stressors gradually decrease their responsiveness to rewarding stimuli (e.g., consumption of sweet pellets). Cerebral alpha1-adrenoceptors (alpha1-AR) are known to be essential for behavioral activation in rodents...
Imipramine belongs to a class of tricyclic antidepressants which augment monoaminergic transmission in a brain and are prevailingly used in treatment of depressive disorders. Increased availability of neurotransmitters (e.g., noradrenaline and serotonin) results among others, in modulation of the activity of G protein-coupled receptors and other proteins involved in intracellular signaling. The study...
Chronic treatment with antidepressant imipramine increases synaptic plasticity and connectivity in the rat brain. Signals that orchestrate changes associated with neuronal plasticity derive in part from extracellular matrix (ECM). Two homologous tyrosine kinases ñ FAK and PYK2 are thought to play a major role in transducing signals from extracellular matrix to the cell interior. This prompted us to...
Cerebral α1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) are known to be changed by stress conditions and involved inthe mechanism of antidepressant action. The chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure that induces depression-like symptoms in animals is a useful tool to study the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in animals. We aimed to investigate the expression of α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-AR mRNAs in the hippocampus...
Bardzo często monitory komputerowe usytuowane są w pobliżu urządzeń elektrycznych. Monitory tradycyjne są bardzo czule na pola magnetyczne 50 Hz. Pole magnetyczne o natężeniu powyżej 0,4 A/m powoduje już widoczne zakłócenia w obrazie na ekranie. Ma to też dodatkowy negatywny wpływ na psychikę osoby obsługującej komputer. Aktualne przepisy środowiskowe nie chronią monitorów przed tego typu oddziaływaniem...
In the distributed processing environment the integration of dependent control structures must be designed to meet specific system and subsystem requirements. Moreover, globally integrating multiple time-critical control events into one system presents complications. This paper discusses the practical application of integrated vehicle controls using a MIL-STD 15538 data bus as its carrier medium....
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