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Offloading traffic from the macro cells (MCs) with limited frequency resources to the high frequency small cells (SCs) improves the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency in the inter-frequency heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Inter-frequency measurement (IFM) is an essential process prior to offloading terminals and their traffic to the SCs, and has a great impact on the utilization of the...
Extension of High order Harmonics Generation (HHG) towards XUV and up to soft-x-rays relies on the development of driving sources with specific properties: mid-infrared wavelength, few-cycle pulse duration, high peak intensity, carrier-envelope phase stability and control, high energy and/or high-repetition rate. While longer wavelengths of the driving source extend the HHG cutoff energy through the...
In this paper, we present a new equalizer based on probabilistic neural networks (PNN) for visible light communication (VLC) systems. While traditional artificial neural networks (ANN) type equalizers have to identify the distribution of the received signal, in our method kernel density estimation (KDE) is exploited to obtain the probability density function (PDF) of the states of the received signal,...
A weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT) scheme is proposed for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system to combat impulsive noise (IN) in substation communications. According to the central limit theorem, the analytic expression of the real-valued IN probability density function (PDF) after WFRFT is derived and for ease of calculation, the closed form expression of the...
This paper describes a method to calculate the optimal impulsive maneuver to avoid the collisions using Simplified General Perturbation 4 (SGP4) and Two Line Element (TLE). It also presents a rigorous analysis of the method to investigate the relative dynamics of the two colliding space objects assuming the encounter is instantaneous. Different collision geometries are used for test cases. For all...
In the last century people started to prefer using long-term sustainable alternative energy sources because of environmental impact of the vast primer energy consumption increase. This paper's investigations based on a Hungarian wind park's predicted and measured power datasets from February to September. Firstly, it is needed to turn out the applied measured and predicted wind values from available...
The electric strength level of the electronics is determined by serial impact of the EOS with increasing amplitude. EOS impact repeats until functional or parametric failure is registered. For the test it is important to determine the electric strength level with acceptable accuracy. This requires the decrease of the amplitude increment coefficient. However, decreasing the value of the coefficient...
This paper presents a probabilistic approach to estimate the collision risk between two ROVs operating on trajectories at different depth levels. For an analytically tractable formulation, a circular cylindrical boundary is considered as a safe separation zone around each ROV, and any violation of this safe zone is defined as a conflict. The conflict probability between two ROVs is then estimated...
Existing asymptotic analysis techniques fail to provide closed-form asymptotic outage probability expressions for lognormal fading channels due to the fact that lognormal fading channel distributions have an infinite diversity order. In this work, we develop a new analytical technique to study the asymptotic outage probability of maximum-ratio combining and equalgain combining over independent lognormal...
One of the major challenges of conducting operation of unmanned aircraft, especially operations beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS), is to make a realistic and effective risk assessment. An important part of such an assessment is to identify the risk of fatalities, preferably in a quantitative way since this allows for comparison with manned aviation to determine whether an equivalent level of safety...
Consider a set of random sequences, each consisting of independent and identically distributed random variables. Each sequence is generated according to one of the two possible distributions F0 or F1 with unknown prior probabilities (1 − ∊) and ∊, respectively. The objective is to design a sequential decision-making procedure that identifies a sequence generated according to F1 with the fewest number...
We consider the problem of transmitting classical information over a time-invariant channel with memory. A popular class of time-invariant channels with memory are finite-state-machine channels, where a classical state evolves over time and governs the relationship between the classical input and the classical output of the channel. For such channels, various techniques have been developed for estimating...
In this paper we show the treatment of mismatch error terms in common RF & microwave measurements schemes. Uncertainty analysis is based on analytical methods and on GUM guidelines. Both approaches show significant differences due to linearization in the GUM method. Special Probability Density Functions (PDFs) must be asigned if the phase of the reflection coefficient is unknown.
This paper presents a method for remaining useful life (RUL) estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on its power fading model. Firstly, an empirical model of power fading is developed based on battery test data. Then, the obtained model has been used in a particle filtering (PF) framework for making end of life (EOL) predictions at various stages of its cycle life. Finally, the predictions were...
This paper considers a problem of communication over an additive noise channel where the noise is distributed according to a Generalized Gaussian (GG) distribution. In the first part of the paper, a number of properties of the family of GG distributions are derived which are of independent interest. For example, considerable attention is given to the properties of the characteristic function of the...
Data from vehicles instrumented with GPS or other localization technologies are increasingly becoming widely available due to the investments in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and the prevalence of personal mobile devices such as smartphones. Tracking or trajectory data from these probe vehicles are already being used in practice for travel time or speed estimation and for monitoring network...
Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a new type of non-orthogonal modulation suggested for 5G systems offering lower bit-error rate and higher spectral efficiency. There are many challenges when designing high throughput SCMA message passing decoders to meet the standards expected from 5G networks. Particularly, the message passing algorithm (MPA) needs many exponential computations to calculate...
This paper proposes several probability distribution models for wind- and net-load-power forecast error, i.e., a generalized normal model (GN) and extended skew-generalized-normal models (ESGN, SGN and SN). They are all compared to different models known from the literature (beta, Weibull and gamma). The evaluation of the discussed probability distribution models shows that the ESGN model presents...
Order statistics find applications in various areas including communications and signal processing. In this paper, we introduce new results of the joint statistics of partial products of ordered random variables (RVs) based on a Mellin-transform-based unified analytical framework. With the proposed approach, we can systematically derive the joint statistics of any partial products of ordered statistics,...
In this paper, we consider a scalar Gaussian Channel with minimum amplitude constraint, and investigate when the capacity-achieving input is binary. First, we study the case that the input satisfies both minimum and peak amplitude constraints and find that the optimal input is discrete. Then, for a given minimum amplitude, we find sufficient conditions that the peak amplitude constraint must satisfy...
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