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The existing efforts on carbon footprint studies of manufacturing processes are focused largely on emissions assessment for product compliance reporting. Relatively little attention has been given to analyzing how process properties affect these emissions for carbon footprint reduction. Going beyond assessment calculation into carbon footprint improvement, this paper presents a method for modeling...
A microbial community with lignocellulose and lindane degradation ability was constructed and domesticated from overheated composting pile. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that the DGGE band patterns of the community were different in different cultivation period. The community could degrade different cellulose materials with high efficiency, especially had high degrading activity...
Manufacturing companies continue to struggle with simultaneously assessing and reducing supply chain costs and carbon footprint early in the design process as consumers demand more sustainable products. An integrated product design-supply chain design approach is explored and applied to bicycle design. It is shown that the approach can successfully inform decision-makers on the consequences of their...
The product carbon footprint (PCF) of a mainstream Dell laptop, including raw materials consumption, manufacturing, logistics, product use and end-of-life management was assessed in order to determine environmental “hot spots” across the life cycle. Product bill of material (BOM), supply chain logistics, product energy use and end-of-life scenario data were utilized to model the carbon footprint using...
The cluster ion beam implanter named CLARIS has been developed for beyond 45nm device production use, which is characterized by the high productivity, high effective low energy high current, and preciseness of incident beam angle and dose uniformity. For the USJ process application, a cluster beam co-implantation is introduced. Carbon cluster co-implantation and the boron cluster beam implantation...
Several pressures have led to unprecedented corporate interest in "carbon footprinting" or life cycle assessment (LCA) of products. These pressures include historically high energy prices, climate change regulation, corporate sustainability efforts, and announcements from several major retailers that environmental data will be required from suppliers. This work discusses the particular challenges...
An exergy footprint metric is proposed that combines the basic structure of carbon footprints with exergy analysis. A streamlined exergy calculator is developed for individuals and businesses with normalization to the annual US exergy consumption per capita. The total exergy consumption of the American economy is calculated following basic techniques used in the exergy analysis of several other countries...
The purpose of this paper is to address both the high values, and the large variation in reported values for the energy requirements for the production of carbon nanotubes. The paper includes an estimate of the standard chemical exergy for single walled carbon nanotubes, as well as a historical look at how the minimum physical flow exergy improved as the HiPco process developed.
This document gives an overview of the author's efforts at the Hewlett-Packard Company to develop tools and processes to systematically estimate the life cycle carbon footprint of digital printers.
Optimizing the capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) has been a key issue in the fabrication of Electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). The typical method used for identifying optimal parameters in the manufacturing process reported in the literature relies on “trial-and-error” method (optimizing one factor at a time), which is ineffective, inaccurate, time consuming and not systematic...
With continuous Sic fiber and polycarbosilane (PCS) as basic material, carbon coating was treated on the continuous Sic fibers in order to improve the fracture toughness and flexural strength of SiCf/SiC compound material.
With wood shatters as raw material and quartz sand as heat medium, the process of rapid pyrolysis of biology materials with a self-made rotating cone reactor was investigated. The optimal conditions by orthogonal test indicated the pyrolysis of biology materials was pyrolysis temperature at 550 ??, vacuum value at 0.08Mpa, rotate rate at 115r/min, diameter of materials at 30 mesh with the condition...
The functionalization and electric properties of graphene by the addition of transition metal atom of Ni to its surface had been investigated computationally using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The stable geometry adsorption position, binding energy, band gap, density of states, charge transfer of Ni adsorbed on graphene at two different coverages were calculated...
In this paper, the effects of nickel ions concentration (4.0 wt%, 4.5 wt%, 5.0 wt%), carbonization temperature (700??C, 800??C, 900??C), heating rate (5??C/min, 15??C/min, 20??C/min) and particle size (0.1-0.2 mm, 0.2-0.3 mm, 0.3-0.38 mm) on resistivity of char derived from winter wheat straw were studied. The result showed that when nickel loading is 5.0 wt%, carbonization temperature is 900??C,...
Simulations of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) using the finite element method in electromagnetic tomography nondestructive evaluation systems are presented in this paper. Ansoft Maxwell 3D models describing the interaction of the sensors with both unidirectional and cross-woven plate samples are built and analyzed to show the CFRP orientations. A circular sensors array is designed and 400...
An experimental study on gasification of coal using high temperature air as a gasifying agent was performed in a 200 mm inside diameter fixed-bed gasifier. Effects of gasification parameters such as, excess air factor (??), the ratio steam to carbon (ns/nc) and temperature of gasifying agent on gasification performance were studied. The results showed that the effects of ?? and the ns/nc on coal gasification...
In the material research we often investigate the mass transport phenomenon. As is known the mass in metals are transferred by diffusion movement. Most of the physical and chemical process is related with the diffusion phenomenon. It is the most important subject for the material science which we call it diffusion theory. Now we usually adopt the experimental method to research the diffusion in the...
Adsorption of as-produced and purified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to heavy metal using Cu(II) as a model was investigated and characterized by many techniques. The results show that the oxygenous functional groups can be formed on MWNTs after MWNTs were purified. The oxygenous functional groups play an important role in Cu(II) adsorption to form chemical complex adsorption. The adsorption...
A novel composite electrode composed of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays and carbon nanoparticles was fabricated by thermal chemical reaction of butanone and anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti sheet. This composite electrode exhibits favorable voltammetric responses to K3Fe(CN)6 and dopamine. The linear responsive range of dopamine is 1.0??10-6 to 1.0??10-4 M and the detection limit of dopamine is 8...
Ordered microporous carbon molecular sieves with high specific area and well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles have been prepared by chemical vapour deposition method. Electrochemical properties were measured, showing the nitrogen-doped carbons exhibited excellent performance as an electrochemical supercapacitor.
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