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Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) rely on the cooperation of nodes in a network to forward a message from its source to its destination. Most of previous studies on DTNs have focused on the design of routing schemes under the hypothesis that each relay node is willing to participate in the forwarding process. However, the delivery of a message incurs energy and memory costs. In this paper we handle the...
In this work we investigate the performance of Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Temporary ordered routing (TORA), Optimized link state routing (OLSR) and Geographic routing (GRP) protocols in wireless ad-hoc networks by using OPNET simulation program. In ad-hoc networks consisting of fixed and mobile stations, routing protocols are compared for different...
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASNs) are deployed in sea for exploration of underwater hidden natural resources. There are certain research issues regarding routing and MAC protocol in the deployment of UASNs. The main challenges may be inefficient network life time, low throughput, high propagation delay and unbalance energy consumption. In order to improve the results of the basic parameters...
The increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles on the road leads to an increasing need for external vehicle communication, in particular through emerging vehicular ad hoc networks also known as VANETs. This technology has the ability to facilitate intelligent transportation applications, comfort and other required services for self-driving vehicles. However, suitable routing protocols...
In recent years, Internet of things has attracted attention worldwide due to the recent technological improvements. The main motive of Internet of things (IoT) is to make devices in the world to be connected through internet, so that they can share information automatically. However, many security problems have emerged. Therefore, a great deal of research work is to propose solutions to increase the...
In this paper, in order to increase the scalability of the communication network, a three-level method of hierarchical coordination routing in multi-area network is proposed, which is based on the principle of goal coordination. The method is based on the decomposition representation of the flow-based routing model and it includes three levels of the calculation hierarchy: at the zero level, the routing...
Large scale monitoring systems require reliable and efficient routing protocols used to overcome the limitations introduced by battery operated embedded devices, among which, energy consumption is considered the main concern. This topic has gained a lot of interest in the last decade. Due to numerous advantages, clustering is becoming more prevalent as a routing technology in WSN. This paper describes...
Cognitive radio is a dynamic technology that has a potential of addressing the spectrum scarcity challenge. However, routing in cognitive radio network is a challenge. The availability of the spectrum is probabilistic and it varies from one zone to other. The existing protocols do not guarantee the quality of service requirements for real-time data. Some of the challenges affecting the design of quality...
Most home sensor devices nowadays is based on low data rate and on-demand routing protocol such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV). This routing protocol has less overhead and good efficiency in term of delivery ratio and bandwidth. AODV has two phases the route discover phase which discover route to the destination devices based on the shortest and the freshest hop, and the data delivery...
In Ad-hoc networks, routing is complex as nodes are mobile due to which paths are destroyed and generated again and again. The difficulty in MANET is to find a feasible path between communicating nodes as routing is non-deterministic polynomial hard which is due to mobile nature of nodes. Many past works focused on finding a feasible path from a source to destination by considering only a single parameter...
Network Simulator(NS-2) is an open source discrete event simulator, widely used by the networking research community. NS-2 provides flexibility for the researcher to extend the simulator functionality for any new area of research in networks. The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the development and simulation of the interface assignment in multi-interface multi-channel wireless adhoc...
Our objective in this paper is to improve the communications performance for IoT applications by proposing a new solution called IC-IoT (Improving Communication for IoT). The principle used is the exploitation of three existing communication protocol by incorporating some mechanisms to consider the different parameters which can cause the data loses. A probabilistic approach is used to know the impact...
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a network that allows nodes to move dynamically and doesn't always provide for end-to-end connection. The dynamically of nodes make the movement of the nodes becomes important. The movement model of nodes will record their behavior and this could be utilized to develop a new routing protocol in DTN. One of the DTN routing protocol that utilize it is CSI: T routing....
As we know delay tolerant network (DTN) doesn't have an end-to-end path on each node, therefore it can cause an increase in data transmission delay by a huge amount. To overcome that problem, the “Store-Carry-Forward” paradigm is chosen, the paradigm is used to carry the message received by a node to other nodes. In that process, buffer is involved on each node and the process needs a buffer management...
This paper applies the theory of Evolutionary Game to QoS routing algorithm for wireless mesh networks which can not only improve the performance of traditional QoS routing protocols but also be able to reduce the cost of the routing algorithm.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used various applications such as disaster management, search and rescue operation, wild life monitoring, remote patient monitoring, structural health monitoring etc. It provides bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds. In many scenarios, the coverage area of the WSN will be very large and a multi-hop adhoc network needs to be maintained for the...
Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm in information technology (IT) that integrates advancements in sensing, computing and communication to offer enhanced services in everyday life. IoTs are vulnerable to sybil attacks wherein an adversary fabricates fictitious identities or steals the identities of legitimate nodes. In this paper, we model sybil attacks in IoT and evaluate its impact...
Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN) are characterized by stringent energy constraints and frequent communication errors. Recent research in the area of LLNs has focused in solving many issues like security, energy efficiency, and routing. RPL is a new routing protocol proposed for LLNs by IETF ROLL group. RPL provides opportunities for improving overall performance of LLN by providing mechanisms for...
Low-Rate Wireless Sensor Networks (LR-WSNs) has become an active area of research in recent decades. ZigBee is a wireless standard based on IEEE 802.15.4 for LR-WSNs. Since in Zigbee networks energy is one of the most vital issues, the routing protocols must be energy efficient. By default, ZigBee uses an Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. In AODV, broadcasting is the backbone...
Wireless sensor network is composed of many wireless sensor nodes with the same or different functions. A typical sensor node consists of four parts: sensor unit, information processing unit, wireless communication unit and energy supply unit. In this paper, the existing ant colony algorithm is analyzed, and an improved ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed. The paper presents design of routing...
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