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The virtual node layer (VNLayer) is a cluster-based approach to handle communications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), furnishing an abstraction of fixed geographical regions served by <bold>virtual nodes</bold> (VNs) as a means to tackle the challenges raised by the mobility of the <bold>physical nodes</bold> (PNs). Several studies have proved that the VNLayer constructs...
Different attacks on routing protocols in ad hoc networks occur that one of the most dangerous types is called wormhole attack. This attack happens with the assistance of at least two or more malicious nodes. In this attack nodes create a private tunnel which if a packet comes to one of them, it will be guided to other pair of these malicious nodes by this tunnel and that node broadcasts it into network...
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