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Chemokines are small proteins that regulate leukocyte trafficking. They are important for development of tumors, because many chemokines are produced by tumor cells and attract leukocytes that contribute to malignancy. In addition, chemokines also act directly on tumor cells. In particular CXCL12 (SDF-1), and its receptor CXCR4, are required for metastasis of lymphoma and carcinoma cells. CXCL12 triggers...
Secondary involvement of the colon by other malignant neoplasms may mimic primary colorectal carcinoma and results from direct extension, peritoneal seeding, or hematogenous spread. Careful gross examination and key histologic features may suggest the presence of a metastasis. Most primary tumors are solitary mucosa-based lesions, whereas secondary neoplasms may be multiple and often substantially...
The application of immunohistochemistry in the diagnostic gastrointestinal pathology is similar to many other organ systems. The most commonly used markers are epithelial cell markers such as cytokeratin AE1/3, cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20, and markers for common mesenchymal tumors such as CD117, CD34, S100, desmin, etc. Tumors of neuroendocrine origin are probably more commonly seen in the digestive...
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