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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the byproducts of general metabolism, and are generated by mitochondrial respiratory chain and specifically by the NAD(P)H oxidase systems in most cell types. Cells also have an efficient antioxidant systems, either enzymatic or non‐enzymatic, to counteract their toxic/or physiological effects including oxidatively modifying proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates...
This chapter deals with the understanding of protein phosphorylation events regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases and the mechanisms potentially relevant for atherosclerosis. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are a universal signaling system used by eukaryotic cells. The MAPK cascade consists of a set of kinases that are activated in series to transduce an external...
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