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New Zealand is part of Zealandia, an ancient continent that originated along the margins of East Antarctica in the late Cretaceous, and formed along the joint edges of the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates. It has been as isolated in the southwestern Pacific Ocean as it is today, for about 60 million years. The Chatham Islands are young and volcanic, having been emergent only for a few million...
Distribution patterns are the product of processes, including the arrival of taxa from other lands across the seas around New Zealand, localised speciation, dispersal of diadromous species through coastal seas, and historical geological processes that have affected New Zealand, mostly since its emergence from extensive marine submergence in the Oligocene. Distribution patterns to some extent mirror...
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