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WSN consists of a large number of sensor nodes randomly deployed, and, in many cases, it is impossible to replace sensors when a node failure occurs. Thus, applications tend to deploy more nodes than necessary to cope with possible node failures and to increase the network lifetime, which leads to create some sensing and communication redundancy. However, sensors in the same region, may collect and...
A modern SCADA system (hardware and software) with specific characteristics for electrical substations is presented. This system leverages the newest technologies available and shows the correct way to implement them in order to have a precise and fault secure power grid. The technologies included in the system are: network time synchronization, network communication redundancy through different types...
In many situations, especially those surrounding emergencies, the fast assembly of a set of actors is an important prerequisite for planning and subsequent action. For example, a search team, human or robotic, first needs to convene. What shape is optimal if the goal is the establishment of full communication as soon as possible? We consider spirals, concentric circles and tree-like structures and...
Communication redundancy and time synchronization are two important requirements commonly found in industrial systems. However, achieving high redundancy performance in combination with highly accurate time synchronization at all times is a challenging task. EtherCAT is a high performance, functionality rich communication technology offering both advanced redundancy features and accurate time synchronization...
In the present study, we propose a theoretical graph procedure to investigate the communication redundancy in brain networks. By taking into account all the possible paths between pairs of cortical regions, this method captures the network redundancy i.e. a critical resource of the brain enhancing the resilience to neural damages and dysfunctions. As an example for its potential, we apply this procedure...
Energy efficiency is one of the most important issue to be tackled in wireless sensor networks. Activity scheduling protocols aim at prolonging the network lifetime by reducing the proportion of nodes that participate in the application. Among the vast range of criteria existing to schedule nodes activities, area coverage by connected sets is one of the most studied. Active nodes must ensure area...
With the advance of the network technologies, peer- to-peer (P2P) has become a new network application model for state of the art distributed computing and has instigated many researches on it. Message passing is one of the most important operation to accomplish high scalable and reliable services in P2P networks. Among number of techniques, flooding is the most frequent used scheme to perform resource...
This article summarizes the requirements for communication redundancy in the different market sectors for industrial automation. It reviews the different solutions for using standard Ethernet to fulfill requirements and proposes more special extensions to Ethernet to obtain this. The path forward is sketched. Focus is on ideas and concerns that must be taken when the standardization work of IEC in...
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