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Marine sediments from coastal Florida, USA impacted by Karenia brevis blooms were resuspended in seawater and irradiated in a solar simulator to determine if sedimentary bound PbTx-2 is photolytically released into the aqueous phase. All bulk and size-fractionated (<10–20μm) sediments exhibited photorelease of PbTx-2 after a six-hour full spectrum irradiation. The magnitude of photorelease of a...
Four metabolites were identified upon incubation of brevetoxin (PbTx-2) with human liver microsomes. Chemical transformation of PbTx-2 confirmed the structures of three known metabolites BTX-B5, PbTx-9 and 41, 43-dihydro-BTX-B5 and a previously unknown metabolite, 41, 43-dihydro-PbTx-2. These metabolites were also observed upon incubation of PbTx-2 with nine human recombinant cytochrome P450s (1A1,...
Blooms of Karenia brevis produce brevetoxins which cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and respiratory symptoms in humans as well as harmful effects on sea life. To investigate potential effects of brevetoxins on immune system components, a monocyte cell line (U-937) was exposed in vitro to PbTx-2. U-937 cells metabolized PbTx-2 through cellular detoxification mechanisms, as evidenced by depletion...
Previously, we found brevetoxins PbTx-3, BTX-B5 and BTX-B1 in cockle, Austrovenus (A.) stutchburyi, PbTx-2, PbTx-3 and BTX-B1 in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea (C.) gigas and PbTx-3 and BTX-B1 in greenshell mussel, Perna (P.) canaliculus following outbreak of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) in New Zealand by isolation and/or liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)...
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