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Purpose This study compares preload sensitivity of continuous flow (CF) VAD support to counterpulsation using the Windmill toroidal VAD (TORVAD). The TORVAD is a two-piston rotary pump that ejects 30 mL in early diastole, which increases cardiac output while preserving aortic valve flow. Methods Preload sensitivity was compared for CF vs. TORVAD counterpulse support using two lumped parameter models...