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General requirements, testing, markings, and documentation for skin effect trace heating systems for pipelines, vessels, equipment, and structures intended for use in general industrial applications are provided in this standard. This standard provides requirements when utilizing skin effect trace heating systems in ordinary as well as hazardous areas that have potentially explosive atmospheres.
ETFE (Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene) is a lightweight polymer that is gradually gaining favor as an aesthetically pleasing building material, most commonly used by layering the foils to form ‘pillows’. Widespread use of this material, however, is hindered by its poor thermal insulation properties. The heat transmission properties of ETFE can be altered by adding a thin coating of low-emissivity material...
For thermal sensors and devices, porous silicon is a comparably novel alternative to standard materials such as thin glass substrates or silicon nitride membranes. These materials are primarily characterized by their thermal conductivity and heat capacity, as well as temperature stability and mechanical fragility. In this paper, we present details of the porous silicon technology for full wafer porosification...
Cold warehouses are relatively high energy consuming systems, and their construction are growing. In the design of these buildings, the choice of the insulation thickness is an important factor that affects the owning and operating costs. In practice, it is common to use heat flux density values or R-values given in the technical literatures. These values seem to neglect the possible effects of parameters...
This paper outlines the solutions for the energy efficient futuristic buildings. The implementation of latest technology in architecture and constructions will lead to better home with green standards. Buildings, accounting for 30-40 percent of global energy use, are known to be energy guzzlers. In India, buildings account for 30 percent of total energy consumption. The idea of green buildings promotes...
Calculating and analysis on building energy conservation of new school building in Xigang high school using building energy conversation software (TBEC for short) was researched in this paper. Whether the energy conservation of building satisfied with the energy conservation standard was calculated and analyzed according to building size, selection of outer building envelope, and calculation of thermal...
In this paper the design, fabrication methods and characterization of thin film meandered Pt resistive heater (size 20 ?? 20 mm2) with integrated Pt sensors on Si platform is presented. Pt heaters and temperature sensors were fabricated simultaneously by DC sputtering method. It was found that the fabrication process has significant influence on the electrical properties of the realized thin film...
The present paper introduces the structural form of PE-RT pre-insulated pipes (PE-RT used as service pipes) for use as a substitute for steel pre-insulated pipes (steel pipe used as service pipes). The technical advantages of the PE-RT pre-insulated pipes when used in district heating are also illustrated. For pipes with the same diameter, length, and flow-rate, the pressure drop and transportation...
In this article, the heat model with solar panel composite wall structure was set up. simulation on heat resistance of solar composite wall was carried out, associated with three air flow patterns which refer to stillness, natural convection and forced convection, and compared with common wall without solar panel. It was found that the conditioning load was decreased remarkably due to the wall's reducing...
This work studies heat transfer in a cryogenic tank, in order to estimate the heat infiltration rate as well as the required thermal insulation thickness needed to fulfill the boil off ratio. It addresses some general recommendation about thermal insulation thickness. Design calculations to actually get thermal insulation thickness are presented in another paper. The present research work establishes...
Applying electrical heat tracing to pipelines can dramatically increase the reliability and efficiency of such pipelines. As a matter of fact over the years, electrical heat tracing has played an important role in the enhancement of flow assurance of oil pipelines. In most cases, the application of heat is on the outer surface of the pipeline, taking advantage of the efficient conductivity characteristics...
Heated instrument tubing is common throughout industry and is most often used for winterization. It is also common for tubing to be maintained at high temperatures for viscous processes or to keep gas samples above dew point and prevent condensation. In many cases the tubing is field routed, electrical heat tracing is then installed, followed by the insulation and weather barrier. Alternatively, pre-insulated...
Direct electrical heating (DEH) has shown to be a very promising method to prevent wax and hydrate formation in subsea pipelines in the North Sea. In this system the heated pipeline is an active conductor in a single-phase AC electric circuit, together with a single core high voltage extruded cable strapped (piggybacked) to the heated flowline. For new projects with flowlines exceeding 40 km, the...
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