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Background. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants widespread in the environment. Their ability to accumulate in living organisms leads to food contamination, which is the main route of human exposure to PCBs. During analytical procedure of PCB residue determination, losses of these compounds may occur, which contribute to obtaining underestimated analytical results. Adequate...
Crop models use mathematical equations to simulate the physical and chemical processes that generally control the uptake, translocation, and sorption of xenobiotics in all part of plants. Each compartment is anatomically characterized and described by a series of mathematical equations. Sample preparation, such as liquid extraction methods and solid-phase-based methods are presented. Analysis of xenobiotics...
Growing public concern over protecting our environment obligates chemists, including analytical chemists, to change chemical activity in such a way that it will be conducted in an environmentally friendly manner. The article provides an overview of green chemistry issues relating to sample preparation techniques, concentrating especially on the green advantages of so-called solventless sample preparation...
The aim of this study was to optimize of a method for determining of compounds which are responsible for the earthy/musty odour in surface water. Among taste and odour contaminants the following compounds are mentioned: (+/-)-geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, 2,4,6-trichoroanisole, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. Some experiments were performed to examine the extraction...
Sometimes, the preparation of a plant sample to GC analysis undergoes the stage of drying plant ex-tract from the solvent, and subsequently the repeated extraction of the dry residue in a different solvent. The purpose of this procedure is to separate the studied phenolic compounds from the matrix. This paper presents the results of the research into the effect of the type of solvent used in the proceeding...
This paper reviews collectors for atmospheric precipitation (rain, fog, and run-off water). Collection systems of a different degree of automation (from simple designs to highly automated costly collectors) are presented. In many papers on collecting atmospheric precipitation neither sampling procedures nor locations of sampling sites are given, although this information is necessary for producing...
The aim of this examination was optimization of flavonols' detection method in plant's extracts. The leaves of Rosa canina L. and Rosa damascena Mill, were chosen as the experimental material, due to their rich content of flavonols. In the study, optimization and comparison of extraction, hydrolysis and purification processes of samples predestinated to HPLC analysis of flavonol aglycones were performed...
The application of microwave techniques for environmental sample preparation is described. Special attention has been given to the theoretical foundations and the possibilities of using microwave radiation in mineralization and extraction. These techniques are compared with conventional methods and examples of their application are supplied.
A new technique for sample preparation, Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), is described. Theoretical and practical aspects and the particular possibility of using this technique in environmental analyses are discussed (application for analytical determination in different matrix). This paper will show many advantages as well as faults of SPME.
This review focuses on different attempts to understand the process during extraction • sing supercritical fluids and on different approaches to obtain quantitative and selective extractions. Supercritical fluid extraction is a fast technique and, unlike other methods of extraction, allows several sample preparation steps to be incorporated within the extraction step. The authors consider the possible...
This work presents basic information on preparing previously handled samples of soils and sediments in order to determine low concentrations of different organic contaminants (Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), etc.). Solid environmental...
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