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In this study, CMOS-based on-chip neural interface devices with integrated optical stimulation capability are presented. The devices are designed for use in optogenetic applications. Two types of neural stimulators are presented. In one type, the on-chip CMOS image sensor was integrated with blue LEDs. Variations of device structures were developed as well. An in vivo experimental demonstration using...
Optogenetics comprises a growing family of related techniques for the optical interrogation and control of excitable cells. Combining genetic targeting with light delivery systems makes it possible to drive or silence subpopulations of neurons and the related behaviours, with a high spatiotemporal precision. Since optical manipulation is fast, selective, and minimally invasive, it provides distinct...
We report a monolithic wafer-level fabrication method for a hemispherical reflector coupled light-emitting-diode (LED) array using isotropic etching of silicon. These neural stimulators collect the backside as well as the front side emission of the μ-LEDs and thus provide higher intensity, which is imperative for opsin expressions in optogenetics experiments. Aluminum was used as the reflective layer...
In this paper, we present a wireless photostimulator providing high output power from small 1.5-V Zinc-Air coin battery to stimulate light sensitized neurons. To overcome the limits of such a small energy source e.g. discharging current and voltage, the proposed photostimulator is based on a DC/DC converter and a switched capacitor circuit to provide high voltage (4 V) and high current (maximum 20...
The demonstration will presents a battery powered multichannel wireless optogenetic headstage providing neural recording and optical stimulation capabilities simultaneously. The proposed headstage, which is entirely built using commercial off-the-shelf components, includes 32 electrophysiological recording channels and up to 32 high-power optical stimulation channels. It can process 32 neuronal signals...
This paper presents different miniature wireless brain computer interfaces (BCI) enabling synchronized optogenetics and electrophysiology recording for various experimental conditions. These devices, which are entirely built using commercial off-the-shelf components, are validated in-vivo with small transgenic mice. First, a system including 32 electrophysiological recording channels and up to 32...
Animal studies are often used to test the feasibility and effectiveness of neuroscience research ideas. Optogenetics is a state-of-the-art technique that allows researchers to control brain activity with light. Current methods are limited as they use tethered setups with the animal in a fixed position, resulting in stress and reduced animal welfare. Hence, an untethered setup is highly desirable.
This paper presents a wireless 64-channel electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording system with 2-channel optogenetics manipulation. The proposed system, which is designed minimally to make it implantable into an animal, comprises a main board (75 mm × 40 mm × 12 mm and 33.53 g) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) boards (25 mm × 20 mm × 2.5 mm and 0.98 g). Each ADC board has an 8-channel 24-bit ADC module...
Wireless neural experiments require the transmission of large amounts of neural data but are limited due to the bandwidth of current techniques. Here we demonstrate a scalable system capable of transmitting neural data at high data rates using visible light communication.
Increasingly large datasets are being made publically available yet the methods and modelling skills to analyze them are lagging behind. In an effort to overcome barriers to analyzing and modelling data we propose the paradigm of Modelling as a Service (MaaS). As a proof-of-concept, we present a case study of the MaaS paradigm with computational tools for optogenetics based upon PyRhO. We demonstrate...
Optogenetics is a gene-therapy technique which utilizes high radiance light to stimulate the genetically modified nerve cells. An optical delivery method in brain tissue for optogenetics can be performed using incorporated micro-LEDs. Optrode lifespan can be affected by the electrodes degradation caused by the generated charges over the tissue after long term stimulation. Here, we propose a biphasic...
Fiberless optoelectrodes are an emerging tool to enable brain circuit mapping by providing precise optical modulation and electrical monitoring of many neurons. While optoelectrodes having an on-board light source offer compact and optically efficient device solutions, many of them fail to provide robust thermal and electrical design to fully exploit the recording capabilities of the device. In this...
This paper reports microscale three-dimensional (3D) tube-like waveguide array and two-dimensional (2D) flexible waveguide array devices. Such microdevices will offer a new class of optogenetic applications, including light stimuli for specific regions of a neuron (e.g., axons or dendrites) and numerous spherical bio-tissues (e.g., brain and spinal cord).
Spatial-resolved light delivery in the living mammalian brain is of utmost importance in optogenetics experiments, since it allows for combining cell-type specificity with spatial selective optical control of neural activity. This can be achieved at sub-cellular resolution in first cortical layers with two-photon microscopy, while sub-cortical regions can be accessed by using waveguide-based devices...
We demonstrate a 3-in-1 hybrid silicon-PDMS neural probe with electrochemical sensing, directional optical stimulation, and drug delivery capabilities to manipulate and record neural cell activities. Blue light with a wavelength of 450nm is coupled onto the probe by a grating coupler and delivered to the probe tip through a silicon nitride waveguide. Another grating coupler at the tip couples the...
Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits in mice during natural behavior is important for understanding neural function. Conventional systems for optogenetics require tethers or large head-mounted devices for light delivery that disrupt natural animal behavior. We review our system for wireless optogenetics based on wirelessly powered, fully implanted light-emitting devices (20 mg, 10 mm3). The...
Striatum is one of the major components of basal ganglia. More than 90% of principle neurons in striatum are medium spiny neuron (MSN). The MSNs are further subdivided into the direct-pathway (striatonigral or D1) MSNs or the indirect-pathway (striatopallidal or D2) MSNs. The striatonigral MSNs project to GPi and substantia nigra (SN). The striatopallidal MSNs project to globus pallidus externa (GPe),...
The hypocretins (Hcrts) – also known as “orexins” – are a pair of neuropeptides well known for their role in promoting wakefulness. Shortly after their discovery, multiple laboratories identified the crucial link between dysfunction of the Hcrt system and narcolepsy in mice, dogs, and humans [1–6]. Therefore, much research has focused on the wake-promoting properties of Hcrts and why their absence...
In mammals, sleep is commonly defined as “a rapidly reversible state of (behavioral) immobility and greatly reduced sensory responsiveness to environmental stimuli” [1]. Sleep and wake states have been strongly conserved during evolution, and “sleep-like” states exist in most organisms, including worms, flies, and fish [2], suggesting common underlying neural circuits and endocrine systems. During...
A fully programmable, wirelessly powered optogenetic stimulator system is demonstrated. Implantable devices, with integrated optical stimulators, are powered and controlled using a programmable external ultrasonic transmitter. A methodical analysis is performed to investigate obtainable optical available powers using a highly efficient ultrasonic link. Optical intensities and stimulation patterns...
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