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As more renewable energy resources connected by power electronics and gas-fueled generators are integrated into power grids, total system inertia has been significantly decreasing in recent years. The resulting decline in system primary frequency response threatens the reliability and stability of power grids. This paper aims to study the locational dependence of the impacts of inertia on system primary...
The declining inertia on the GB grid as a result of the change in the generation mix poses a challenge in the operation and control of the future power system. This work analyses the inertia contribution of wind turbine generators to the GB power system and tests the effectiveness of supplementary controllers designed to provide inertia support as an ancillary service. A simplified three-machine representation...
In recent years, renewable energy sources like wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) are rapidly evolving in South Australia. Most of the new wind power plants in South Australia deploy variable speed wind machines, specifically type III and type IV wind turbine generators. These plants naturally do not provide any support in frequency regulation after a contingency. These ‘asynchronous’ machines together...
The integration of wind power into power systems has been gaining momentum in the global energy industry due to its environmental benefits and abundance of supply. However, the natural intermittent and non-dispatchable features of wind negatively impact the system's frequency regulation capability. Wind power not only injects additional fluctuations to the already variable nature of frequency deviation,...
This paper presents a framework to analyze the impact of different penetration levels of renewable generation sources (RES) and consequent reduction in inertia on grid frequency. The developed methodology is demonstrated using three operating conditions of the network. For each operating condition, the decrease in the network loading is balanced by disconnecting a part of synchronous generation. To...
South Australia is a southern state of Australia, where penetration of wind power has continuously increased over the last few years. In recent times, most of the wind power plants have been constructed based on variable speed wind turbine generators, namely type III and IV machines. These machines, however, do not intrinsically offer any support to control frequency excursion following a major disturbance...
Participation of wind energy along with conventional fuel sources in power generation is progressively rising in many countries. Due to continuous development of large-scale wind farms, some synchronous generators are being economically displaced from generation schedule. Modern wind turbine generators do not generally provide frequency control support after a disturbance, while during a fault they...
In recent years wind power integration has substantially increased in southern states of Australia. At present South Australia has the highest wind generation capacity of any region across the country. This large capacity penetration would likely displace existing synchronous generation fleet. These wind generators have neither enough inertia response nor governor support to control major frequency...
In this paper a procedure for estimating the inertial frequency response of a power system with high wind energy penetration is presented, and the influence of the wind power fluctuations on the variability of the inertial response is analyzed. The procedure is based on the accuracy of the disturbance start-time detection and the frequency's rate of change. An algorithm for estimating the disturbance...
Wind energy has an immense potential to play a vital role with conventional energy sources. Therefore, integration of wind power is increasing in many power systems. Unlike synchronous generators, modern wind farms have lack of automatic frequency support capability following a disturbance. Thus, an addition of wind power does impact the frequency response of a power system. Inadequate frequency response...
Frequency response is a key concern for power system security. Usually, it is estimated in a deterministic approach. But in most cases, power systems behave stochastically. Moreover, presence of wind power imposes further variability on generation profile of a power system. Hence, it appears more pragmatic to address these uncertainties during an evaluation of frequency response. This paper develops...
The frequency behavior of North American grids has recently been the subject of considerably heightened concern. Reports by the North American Reliability Corporation show that “frequency response”, that is, the severity and recovery of grid frequency following large disturbances (typically trip of large thermal generation plants) has been declining over the past two decades. The addition of substantial...
Ireland and Northern Ireland have policy objectives to have 40% of total electricity consumption to be provided by renewable sources by 2020. Approximately 37% of the total energy will be supplied by windfarms. As a separate synchronous power system, the operational challenges to achieving this securely and effectively are significant. In particular, it has not yet been established to what level a...
This paper provides statistical analysis of frequency response characteristic of the Irish Electric Power System as function of increasing wind power penetration. This analysis is based on 3-year (2007-2009) record data of unit trips at different conditions of the system including variation of wind generation. The analysis is carried out in terms of dynamic stiffness assessment and prediction of initial...
This paper investigates the limits to frequency response capabilities of wind turbines equipped with full converters and permanent magnet generators. It takes as a base case real frequency excursions on the GB network and demonstrates control methods to emulate a conventional power plant. However, it shows that droop may be limited to 4% or less and the effective inertial constant may not exceed 3...
New control systems for Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWT) need to be developed in order to provide inertia response and frequency control to support the grid. This work studies the behavior and capability of VSWT for providing temporary active power overproduction. The study is conducted on a multi-megawatt VSWT with Doubly-Fed Induction Generator. It was found that it is possible to have an active...
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