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Recently, the highest laboratory efficiencies of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells have been achieved by introducing alkali impurity atoms, namely K and Na. This contribution will discuss a novel technique used to target grain boundaries with known structure to relate quantified K and Na segregation to matrix elements concentrations. We used this technique to select from roughly 20...
Research using electronic microscope was carried out to study the structural and phase and deflected mode of material of hot-forged billets. It was revealed that the scalar density of dislocations in ferritic grains and in ferritic perlite layers of forging steel which cracked after manufacturing operations is one and a half time higher than in conditions material. Metal in this condition has higher...
In addition to statistically relevant standard reliability tests and lifetime analysis, the study of solid-state physical degradation mechanisms for a limited number of representative samples is needed to understand weaknesses in the interconnect technology and to exclude reliability-related failure in Cu interconnects. We present dynamic studies of damage mechanisms in on-chip Cu interconnects caused...
In the crystal research the areas between different grains have great effect on the mechanic, metallurgy, corrosion properties to the material. We call these areas grain boundary. People put great emphasis on them and have tried many methods to research them. The grain boundary has high energy and the energy value is changed with the orientation. Finding the law between them can deepen the material...
Nanocrystalline structure with average grain size about 100 nm is processed in specimens of tungsten by severe plastic deformation. The microstructure is studied by ion and transmission electron microscopy. Spectra for probing area containing grain boundary has an additional peak. In the case of areas away from the grain boundary the electron energy distribution are similar to the classical one and...
The unique physical and chemical, mechanical properties of nano- and submicrocrystalline materials are due to such factors as the small size of grains, defective structure of the grains boundaries, high level of the internal stresses, microstrainings of crystal lattice, and high density of grain-boundary dislocations. This paper considers the structure, mechanical characteristics and the peculiarities...
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