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Background Conditioning of physiological responses can be achieved by repeatedly pairing a previously neutral conditioned stimulus with the administration of a pharmacologically salient unconditioned stimulus. This type of conditioning has been effective for specific immune and endocrine responses, but results with regard to conditioning of cortisol, a key stress-regulatory parameter, are currently...
There is limited evidence for the conditioning of stimulant-like drug effects to previously-neutral stimuli in humans. Two studies tested whether the facilitatory effects of caffeine on cognitive performance can be conditioned to the context of drug administration. In Experiment 1, sixteen participants were divided equally into two groups: one group (the “paired” group) received 250mg caffeine in...
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