The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
Stress responses, which are mediated by the neurogenic system (NS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis help vertebrates maintain physiological homeostasis. Fight‐or‐flight responses are activated by the NS, which releases norepinephrine/noradrenaline and epinephrine/adrenaline in response to immediate stressors, whilst the HPA axis releases glucocorticoid hormones (e.g. cortisol and corticosterone)...
When vertebrate physiological ecologists use the terms ‘stress’ or ‘physiological stress’, they typically mean the level of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA-) axis activation. Measurements of stress hormone concentrations (e.g. glucocorticoids in blood, urine or faeces), leukocytes (e.g. the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio or heterophil equivalent), immunofunction (e.g. innate, cell-mediated or humoral...
Set the date range to filter the displayed results. You can set a starting date, ending date or both. You can enter the dates manually or choose them from the calendar.