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The demand on High voltage (HV) infrastructures is growing due to the corresponding growth in industries and population. To meet the increasing electrical demand, existing substations are being upgraded to accommodate the additional load requirements. Substation upgrade involves up-rating the existing transmission lines or the installation of new lines. Transmission mains consist of underground (UG)...
This article discusses the safety issues related to wind farm grounding systems. Two different cases are considered. The first case treats a wind turbine subjected to a single phase to ground fault while the second case treats a wind turbine hit by lightning. In the first case, a detailed analysis of the fault current distribution for various scenarios, is presented. A comparative study of the touch...
The short-circuit current in a substation may result in not only step voltage and touch voltage on person, but also interference in secondary cable. In this paper, the effect of the short-circuit current on the interference in the secondary cable was investigated by experiment. By making a single-line-to-ground fault in an actual 220/110 kV substation artificially, the transient voltages in various...
The fault current division factor describes the shunting ability of the ground wires of the transmission lines or that of the neutral conductors connected to a substation ground. As the power system capacity grows rapidly in China, more substations with higher voltage classes are constructed, and the grounding grid is becoming larger and larger in area. As a result, the potential difference within...
The paper discusses design considerations of wind powered generating plants that require knowledge of the fault current contribution of the generators. To provide context, the paper includes brief summary of typical design of the electrical collection and interconnect systems of wind power plants. The impact of fault current contribution on equipment selection is discussed. Common protective relaying...
The paper discusses design considerations of wind powered generating plants that require knowledge of the fault current contribution of the generators. To provide context, the paper includes brief summary of typical design of the electrical collection and interconnect systems of wind power plants. The impact of fault current contribution on equipment selection is discussed. Common protective relaying...
Protection schemes of distribution system are designed conventionally for radial feeder structure with one source supplying. The presence of distributed generation as the second source causes the protection schemes to be confused in operations. This paper evaluates the reach of protective relays after distributed generation has been installed into the system. All types of faults are analyzed with...
It is well known that the MV paper-insulated cables lines act as long grounding electrodes, or inject fault current directly into the surrounding soil. As a consequence of that the MV lines performed of this type of cables spontaneously form a very large and complex grounding system around the HV/MV distribution substations. The area encompassed by this type of grounding system is much larger than...
With the development of ultra high voltage AC and DC power system, fault current of power plants, substations and convertor station are great than before. Larger grounding grids are needed to meet the safety regulation. Grounding grids usually located in horizon multilayer or vertical multilayer soil structure which parameters such as thickness, resistivity of each layer can be estimated. This paper...
One of the main concerns of utilities, nowadays, is grounding the distribution systems. Distribution systems are usually three phase systems with a returning current neutral wire. Grounding the neutral wire will affect the power quality and characteristics of distribution systems during unbalanced conditions, specially phase to ground faults. In this paper several case studies have been done to investigate...
A Boundary Element Approach is used to get the numerical computation of grounding system analysis such as the equivalent resistance and the distribution of potential on the earth surface due to fault currents. The results in this paper are produced by the techniques that have been implemented in a computer aided design (CAD) system for grounding grids of electrical substations. The paper investigates...
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