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To guarantee the thermal safety and obtain good performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), the operating temperature and temperature gradient of SOFC must be constrained within a proper range. Thus, it's important to obtain the spatial temperature distribution of SOFC in real time. However, the inner temperature of the fuel cell cannot be obtained by installing thermocouples with acceptable cost...
As solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems fueled with natural gas and biogas are applied widely, the capture and utilization of CO2 in SOFC exhaust gas are important issues. This paper proposes a new SOFC system combined with a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) stack, which absorbs renewable electrical power such as solar power and wind power to convert CO2 in SOFC exhaust gas into fuel by electrolysis...
In the last decade, Romania began a reorganization process in the municipal solid waste (MSW) sector considering the new EU principles regarding the MSW prevention, reuse and recycling before final disposal. The paper present the results of a comparison of three alternative scenarios for energy recovery (ER) from municipal solid waste in Romania considering landfilling, separate collection, mechanical-biological...
In this paper, optimization problem of after treatment system is investigated for diesel engines with lean NOx trap (LNT). First, a control-oriented LNT model is developed based on energy and mass balancing rules. Then, the optimization problem is formulated as a dynamic programming (DP) problem under developed dynamical model constraint and a trade-off between fuel economy and NOx emission is considered...
The article presents the ecological problems of utilization of spent activated sludge, which is a waste after biological treatment of wastewater and ways of their solution. A literature review devoted to modern methods of recycling and recycling of spent activated sludge is presented. The methods of composting of spent activated sludge, advantages and disadvantages of field composting of spent activated...
This work analyzed the efficiency of the gasification process applied in Urban Solid Waste (USW), since tests carried out in a pilot plant, as a way of studying the feasibility of applying the process in the production of a gas for burning in a boiler and generation of electricity, on a steam turbine and generator system, on commercial scale. The results indicated the feasibility of the process both...
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a class of fuel cells operating on high temperatures which have the potential to become one of the efficient and cost effective system for direct conversion of a wide variety of fuels to electricity. For proper operation of SOFCs, evaluation of cell stability and optimization of fuel utilization is of paramount importance. In this paper, we have performed experiments...
A novel odor delivery device was designed to safely contain the solid or liquid components of homemade explosives (HMEs) and deliver the HME odor signature for passive or active sampling. Within the device, odors from the separately-housed components mix as they move through the device towards the outlet. The resulting mixed odor is representative of that which would be achieved from the actual mixed...
The differences between finite-rate and eddy- dissipation models for simulating unsteady reacting swirling flow through solid-fuel ramjet engine are investigated. An in-house code has been developed to solve governing equations of compressible flow field with chemical reactions. The code is verified, validated, and then used to perform unsteady simulations on solid-fuel ramjet engine with high-density...
This paper presents a validation study of a multi-physics coupling code for solid fuel pyrolysis in solid-fuel ramjet engine (SFRJ). An in-house code has been developed to model flow, turbulence, heat transfer, solid pyrolysis, and chemical reactions. Unsteady reacting simulations are performed for swirling and non-swirling flows in SFRJ with high-density polyethylene solid fuel cylindrical grain...
Solid fuels (wood, coal, and biomass) are used as alternative energy sources in South Africa, predominantly in low-income households. Space heating using wood is a common practice to obtain thermal comfort. Consequently, this practice has health-related risks as people are exposed to harmful gasses and particles (e.g. PM4) emitted from the combustion process. This study was designed to examine temperature...
Landfills within the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) are running out of airspace. To slow down airspace consumption rate, waste discharged at these landfills must be minimised, and where possible recover useful resources. A multi-criteria decision tool, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to appropriate technologies for fruit and vegetables waste discharge at Robinson Deep landfill. The...
The sustainable wood produces −160 tonnes/GWh carbon dioxide emissions, as compared to coal with +964, petroleum oil with +726 and even renewable energy source, solar having +5 tonnes CO2 emissions/GWh. These figures are from European Union Report 2001, which increased exponentially with the passage of time. Nevertheless, research and development on reducing the CO2 emissions gives a substantial ray...
The United States (US) Army has over 66,000 soldiers engaged in contingency operations across the world. Current budgetary constraints and an uncertain global security environment require these operations to be executed as efficiently as possible. Base camps are the secured areas where soldiers live when deployed to contingency operations. Base camps impose a significant financial and tactical burden...
Chemical looping combustion is a proposed process for heat or power generation with integrated carbon dioxide separation, using solid oxygen carrier particles. The circulation rate of the oxygen carrier particles is a crucial parameter in the operation of the system, but is difficult to measure. This work reports on the investigation of applying a microwave Doppler sensor approach for monitoring the...
There will be waste of fuel causing economical loss and effects on environment due to improper combustion of fuel and air in boiler. Thus boiler combustion control need to be perfect and able to provide a continuous supply of steam at desired load demand. A single loop PID controllers are mostly used for combustion control of solid fuel fired boiler because of their simple structure and are easy to...
Cryogenic pellet injectors for use in fusion research have been under development at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for over 30 years. The original application of the technology was to add fuel to magnetically confined plasmas to replace $D$ -$T$ ions that are consumed in the fusion reactions or lost due to transport out of the confining magnetic fields. This application is still the primary use...
The paper presents a new approach on organic waste valorization using in-situ thermo-chemical processing for derived fuel generation as added value products. The experimental campaign using food industry residues and primary feedstock revealed the possibility of producing solid, liquid and gaseous fuels for energy sector aiming for distributed small and medium power generation applications. The specific...
This paper presents the experimental results of the investigation of mechanical damage in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) under fuel starvation conditions using in-situ Acoustic Emission (AE) and electrochemical technique. The cell was oxidized electrochemically and AE signal has begun to be detected when the oxidation spread from anode/electrolyte interface to anode substrate after Ni/NiO equilibrium...
An efficient way to exploit the chemical energy contained in the biomass is combustion using the state-of-the-art grate-firing systems, one of the most competitive and market-proven technology being currently used in Europe for power production: electricity and/or steam for district heating, which are offered on the market with capacities that range from 20 up to 50 MWel. A decisive variable, when...
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