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This paper proposes a class of optimal and robust controller for the islanded AC microgrid (MG) system which is composed of wind turbine generator (WTG), photovoltaic generator (PV), fuel cell (FC), micro turbine (MT), battery energy storage (BES) and loads. The proposed controller has two main functions: rationally utilizing MT, FC and BES, and regulating the AC bus frequency deviation. For such...
Frequency control is significant to maintain the stability and reliability of islanded microgrids. Generation side controls, e.g., virtual synchronous generator control and droop control, have been widely adopted to stabilize the frequency of islanded microgrid. However, this is not ideal method due to the capacity limitation and power fluctuation of distributed generation(DG). Meanwhile, energy storage...
The paper presents an overview about operation and control of the inverter-interface generation units (IGUs) when connected to a microgrid either alone or together with other generation units. The following key connection paradigms are considered: i) one IGU and a grid, ii) one IGU and one machine-interface generation unit, iii) a single IGU, and iv) two IGUs. After illustrating how the IGUs operate...
The hybrid power system consisting of new energy inverters and diesel generators has become a typical case of independent power systems in remote areas. Aiming at the problem of generator overload caused by sudden load applying in such systems, this paper proposes a novel emergency control strategy which increases the inverter output power according to the changing rate of system frequency. This control...
This paper proposes a sequential loading method, which finds the hourly changes of frequency and optimal load distribution between power stations. The method solves to minimize the aggregate cost in the electric power system (EPS). The method also calculates the surplus or deficit of an active power in EPS, hourly power flows of each transmission lines, active power losses in the networks. Computed...
In this paper, a multi-agent load frequency balancing control algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm for a storage-less Photo Voltaic (PV) generation is proposed. For maximum deployment of available renewable energy, the PV generation is tracked at its maximum power point however through the use of a virtual synchronous generator converter control, the PV generator is able to follow the load demand...
A crude oil production and shipping terminal was built and expanded over time such that the facility was powered by three isolated power systems. These separate plants have since been interconnected to permit the sharing of generation reserves. Initially, the interconnected system was supervised by a power management system (PMS) that relied on isochronous operation of one power plant for frequency...
This paper presents a method to shed off the least important loads in a microgrid operated at constant frequency under the contingency of inadequate power generation. Different from conventional frequency deviation based load shedding, this paper discusses in detail how to shed off load based on the voltage deviation. The key issue is to differentiate whether the voltage deviation is due to sudden...
In Constant speed constant frequency (CSCF) AC power supply system, generator output constant frequency and constant voltage AC power by connecting engine with constant speed transmission device (CSD). However, CSCF has many disadvantages, such as complex structure, heavy weight, high cost and low energy conversion efficiency. By eliminating CSD in CSCF and taking output voltage and output frequency...
In recent years, environmental problems are being serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Therefore, it can cause frequency fluctuations or voltage fluctuations...
With the development of microgrid technologies, more and more distributed renewable sources have been connected into microgrids to provide power for loads. The coming problem is how to manage the distributed generations (DGs) that are not within the planning of a microgrid, one feasible solution is to realize the plug-and-play function of DGs. Focusing on this problem, this paper proposes a control...
In islanding microgrid, the distributed generation (DG) units should take over the microgrid and meet the power demand of loads. Due to the randomness and capacity limitation of DG units, the islanding microgrid may face overload challenge with load increasing. The islanding microgrid need massive energy storage system for power reserve or load shedding to maintain microgrid stable. However, this...
The increasing exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is progressively displacing large conventional power plants, thus reducing system operating reserves and stability margins. Therefore new resources for ancillary service provision are needed. Very fast and flexible response capabilities make Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) good candidates to this purpose. However, the related cycling...
The capacity of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to adjust power output swiftly and precisely makes them ideal for provision of frequency containment reserve (FCR), the fastest type of frequency control. Since BESS are only recent providers of FCR, there is uncertainty in the applicable requirements while regulation adapts to BESS. In this paper, the minimum activation period as an unresolved...
This paper presents the validation of a rule-based control strategy trying to maximize the self-consumption of PV-converted power and providing frequency containment reserve power at the same time with a battery energy storage system placed in a residential household with roof-top PV-plant. The single model of a residential household is integrated in a simulation model of a virtual battery energy...
This paper proposes a frequency regulation strategy applied to wind turbine generators (WTGs) in an isolated grid. In order to complement active power shortage caused by sudden load or wind speed change, an improved deloading method is proposed to solve inconsistent regulation capabilities in different speed regions and provide WTGs a certain capacity of power reserves. Considering the torque compensation...
Renewable Energy (RE) units especially grid connected Wind and Solar PV which have no rotational inertia are effectively displacing the conventional generators and their rotating systems. This reduces both the cost of generation and environmental effects. However, this has implications on the frequency stability in that frequency dynamics become faster with low inertia. This makes frequency control...
Lately, new solutions have been added to the control of autonomous grids, which improve the way the power grids operate. These changes may affect the reliability and safety of power distribution grids, the dynamic stability being a real concern. This issue is more prominent in autonomous microgrids (MGs) with high penetration of renewable energy sources. On this topic, this paper aims to study how...
Island operation possibility plays nowadays an important role in the view of preserving a part of the power system working during close-to-blackout emergency states such as collapsing power system divided in to smaller parts. Unfortunately following paper shows that not all regulation tools available for the transmission system operator (TSO) which are secured by the national grid code might be used...
This paper proposes a Distributed Second Order Sliding Mode (D-SOSM) control strategy for Optimal Load Frequency Control (OLFC) in power networks, where besides frequency regulation also minimization of generation costs is achieved. Because of unknown load dynamics and possible network parameters uncertainties, the sliding mode control methodology is particularly appropriate for the considered control...
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