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Frequency and voltage regulation are required to support the grid under different scenarios. In order to handle these scenarios, classical control strategies demand complex systems to fulfill these requirements. However, synchronous controllers are trending strategies to contribute with frequency and voltage regulation functionalities without the requirement of external elements. Among these strategies,...
Nowadays, the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) based HVDC has been considered as a promising technology to meet the increasing electric power demand. However, constructing new transmission lines becomes more and more difficult because of environmental issues. Consequently, the newly constructed DC lines have to share the right of way with existing AC transmission in close proximity. Meanwhile, as...
Power system restoration takes place where power systems experience a blackout and might be splitted into several islands with limited number of black start units. The main challenge of the restoration process is to keep both frequency and voltage within allowable limits while restoring the network through energizing lines and transformers as well as load pickup. The load pickup scheme is determined...
This paper addresses the proposal and simulation of a direct voltage and frequency control (DVFC) of an offshore wind farm (OWF) with LCC-HVDC connection. The proposed control system allows the connection of the OWF to the LCC rectifier by generating a controlled voltage and frequency in a capacitor bank. The decoupled control of the d-q component of the voltage at the capacitor bank, connected to...
This paper proposes a new method to control the frequency fluctuations of the power system with large scale wind farm (WF) installed by using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection and battery systems. The proposed system is designed to decrease the frequency fluctuations. Simulation analysis is performed on a multi-machine power system model composed of synchronous generators (SGs), squirrel...
In recent years, environmental problems are being serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Therefore, it can cause frequency fluctuations or voltage fluctuations...
Large networks interconnected by multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems have become mainstream trend for power system operators. In this paper, the distributed control scheme is proposed to study primary frequency regulation problem in these multi-terminal HVDC systems. Considering the effect of connectivity of areas in the net, we improve the pure PI control inspired by the consensus...
This paper investigates different optimization strategies for frequency-response coupling between synchronous areas that feature decentralized load-frequency control structures. The mathematical basics are presented together with a frequency dynamics system parameterized to match the synchronous areas of Continental Europe, Great Britain, and Northern Europe. Three optimization strategies are evaluated:...
The exploitation of multi-terminal (MT) HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) grids for offshore wind farm integration into continental bulk AC system raises several technical issues, in particular the verification of the compliance of MTDC grids and offshore wind parks to the performance requirements (in terms of frequency, voltage support and fault ride through) which are being established by the grid...
Increased penetration of offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) demands frequency control services from them. Overloading the wind turbine, for few seconds after the under frequency event, to utilize its kinetic energy seems promising option for fast primary frequency control. Two methods of overloading the wind turbine (WT), with and without considering the impact of WT dynamics and variation of WT output...
This paper proposes a novel control scheme for frequency support among asynchronous AC areas through HVDC grids. It is based on local controllers, each acting on a voltage source converter, using locally available measurements only, and supporting frequency of the adjacent AC area after a significant disturbance. The controller is combined with the existing DC voltage droop technique and is inspired...
This paper proposes a smoothing method of frequency fluctuations of power system due to the varying output of wind farms (WFs) by using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system. The proposed control method is designed to minimize the fluctuations of the power system frequency without any additional installation of energy storage systems such as batteries. Simulation analysis is performed...
This paper proposes a control structure of a Multi-Terminal HVDC (MTDC) system employing Voltage Source Converters (VSC) technology. The study focuses on high-level control to keep DC voltage stable, mitigate oscillations due to the change in incoming power produced by contingencies in the AC grid and to provide the system with an adequate dynamic response [1]. Apart from this, controllers need to...
In this paper, a smoothing method of frequency fluctuations of power system due to output of wind farms by using HVDC transmission system is proposed. The control method is designed so as to absorb the fluctuations without additional installation of energy storage systems such as batteries.
In smart grid power system operation frequency regulation is one of the most critical tasks to maintain the power balance in a power grid. This paper presents the coordination of frequency regulation in non-synchronous AC system connected via multi-terminal direct-current (MTDC). The frequency regulation study is carried out by scheduling the reference power setting at the DC grid converters along...
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology is a very attractive power transmission technology. The VSC based HVDC transmission uses IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) switches having turn-on and turn-off capability and having special characteristics compared to Current Source Converter (CSC) based conventional HVDC technology. Among various control methodologies...
GCCIA (Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority) is the Transmission System Operator links the power grids of GCC countries. GCCIA operates three back to back (btb) HVDC converters each rated 600 MW connecting the combined network of the 50 Hz GCCIA Member States with the 60 Hz Saudi system. The paper explains the key operational dynamic features of the HVDC frequency converter functions,...
In the ELECTRA EU project, an innovative approach for frequency and voltage control is investigated, with reference to future power system scenarios characterized by massive amounts of distributed energy resources. A control architecture based on dividing the power system into a web of subsystems, the so-called cells, is proposed. Cells are individual control entities but also need to be coordinated...
Over the recent years, the large-scale development of offshore wind power in accordance with HVDC transmission has received extended attention. For the exploitation of such systems protection during onshore AC faults is of large importance. This paper examines an offshore transmission system consisting of two large wind parks, and two point-to-point HVDC links. A frequency droop control method applied...
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