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Cardiac output (CO) is one of the most important hemodynamic signals to measure in patients with compromised cardiovascular performance. A variety of cardiac output estimators have been developed over the past hundred years. The estimator evaluated in this paper is based on oxygen uptake measured during exercise to estimate cardiac output and use heart rate (HR) to obtain also stroke volume (SV)....
Measurement of blood flow velocity using Doppler ultrasound has become an important noninvasive tool not only in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease but also in physiological measurement. Physiological blood flow velocities in common carotid artery (CCA) is altered markedly with advancing age. It is unknown that regular aerobic exercise training can alter and improve blood flow velocity waveforms...
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