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The ionic dopant additives have different mechanisms of their influence upon MnO₂ electrocrystallisation process and depending on dopants added the following polymorphs are stabilised: α -MnO₂ (hollandite, I4/m) - NH₄⁺; γ -MnO₂ (ramsdellite, Pbnm) - Co²⁺, Fe²⁺; layered polymorph δ -MnO₂ (birnessite, C2/m) - Cr³⁺. The defect states of intergrowth method in ramsdellite matrix and twinning, OH groups...
Manganese dioxide samples were prepared from fluorine containing electrolytes with additives of Co^{2+} ions. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis were the methods of the samples characterisation. Manganese dioxide at the presence of cobalt forms nanosized ramsdellite structure crystallites...
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