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The spin-rotationally invariant SU(2)×U(1) approach to the Hubbard model is extended to accommodate the charge degrees of freedom. Both U(1) and SU(2) gauge transformation are used to factorize the charge and spin contribution to the original electron operator in terms of the emergent gauge fields. By tracing out gauge bosons the form of paired states is established and the role of antiferromagnetic...
The concept of topological excitations and the related ground state degeneracy are employed to establish an effective theory of the superconducting state evolving from the Mott insulator for high-T_c cuprates. The theory includes the effects of the relevant energy scales with the emphasis on the Coulomb interaction governed by the electromagnetic U(1) compact group. The results are obtained for...
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