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Bit Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER) is a novel multicast forwarding scheme for IP networks that avoids states in replicating routers by encoding the multicast information into a bit string in the packet header. In addition, the BIER-TE variant encodes the multicast tree in the header and allows for network programmability. We propose the use of maximally redundant trees (MRTs) for 1+1 protection...
In this paper we propose a novel resilience scheme for OpenFlow-based Software-Defined Networking (SDN). To forward packets in line speed, OpenFlow switches store their flow tables in expensive, limited TCAM due to which the stored tables cannot be large. Most resilience mechanisms require additional entries thus the implementation in OpenFlow may quickly exceed the available TCAM.
In just about 4 years, IPv6 will celebrate its 20th anniversary. While the protocol itself is already quite old, its deployment has only recently picked up speed. Not so many Internet service providers offer direct IPv6 connectivity to their customers, yet. Clearly, when IPv6 is available to customers, they expect that IPv6 offers at least the same - or even better - stability of connections in comparison...
IP Fast Reroute (IP FRR) is the IETF standard for providing fast reaction to failures in IP and MPLS/LDP networks. In the past decade, several IP FRR proposals have been proposed, and among them Loop-Free Alternates (LFA) is the simplest, but it cannot achieve 100% single failure coverage. In contrast, Maximally Redundant Trees (MRT) can provide 100% single failure coverage and seems a promising scheme...
For IP to evolve into a true carrier-grade transport facility, it needs to support fast resilience out-of-the-box. Unfortunately the de facto IP protection mechanism, Loop-Free Alternates (LFA), does no cover all possible failure scenarios that can show up in an operational network. The main concern in this paper is, correspondingly, to construct an overlay on top of the physical network, whereas...
Handling link failures is the fundamental task of routing schemes. Routing protocols based on link state (e.g., OSPF) require a global state advertisement and re-computation when link failure happens, and will cause inevitable delivery failures. To improve the routing resilience without introducing significant extra overhead, we propose a new routing approach, Keep Forwarding (KF) to achieve k-link...
In previous work, we investigated the optimization of physical topology design so that the total operational and embodied energy is minimized under normal operation. However, the loss of any link, through for example a fiber cut or the loss of a node, may result in a higher energy consumption as the traffic will be re-routed over the remaining links of the network. In this paper we identify the impact...
Recently, major vendors have introduced new router platforms to the market that support fast IP-level failure protection out of the box. The implementations are based on the IP Fast ReRoute-Loop Free Alternates (LFA) standard. LFA is simple, unobtrusive, and easily deployable. This simplicity, however, comes at a severe price, in that LFA usually cannot protect all possible failure scenarios. In this...
A one-to-one association between data and control channels has traditionally existed in transport networks. Being the control plane embedded in the data plane, the design of the former, as well as its resilience, has been addressed in the latter's one. However, a main GMPLS architectural requirement is to provide a clean separation between control and data planes. In this sense, the control plane...
Mobile telecom operators today are facing the challenge of securing and increasing customer experience. Taking into account the growing demand for high capacity data services, the key mechanism for offering improved QoS is resilience, which is highly dependent on the architectural design of the transport network. In order to achieve a high level of resilience, the mobile operators can consider two...
Intradomain routing in IP networks follows shortest paths according to administrative link costs. When several equal-cost shortest paths exist, routers that use equal-cost multipath (ECMP) distribute the traffic over all of them. To produce single-shortest path (SSP) routing, a selection mechanism (tie-breaker) chooses just one of the equal-cost paths. Tie-breakers are poorly standardized and use...
This paper proposes a Resilient Overlay for Mission Critical Applications (ROMCA); a novel operator-independent overlay architecture providing a resilient and reliable service across wide-area networks. One feature of ROMCA is that its overlay topology can be altered according to the underlying network conditions. Moreover, resilience is achieved by combining centralized topology construction control...
Botnets have become a top cyber threat. Existing studies on botnets have mainly focused on showing how to exploit certain characteristics of existing botnets to detect them. However, such detection mechanisms could be defeated by stealthy botnets that are designed to evade them. Therefore, it is important to understand the power of stealthy botnets so as to answer questions such as: What kinds of...
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