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Recently emerging wireless sensor technologies integrate different types of sensor nodes in a network for information collection. The heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) imposes complex design challenges as nodes in such a network often have different requirements in terms of latency and bandwidth. Therefore, the channel access for nodes needs to be managed ensuring differentiated quality...
In wireless Media Access Control (MAC) environment, management of channel access and controlling of packet transmission is done via shared channel in a distributed way. MAC protocols objectives for Wireless Network is to maximize channel utilization and minimizing channel access delay. It is MAC protocol's responsibility to provide best possible utilization of provided bandwidth while fulfilling the...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are deployed for a wide range of applications that involve collecting information from the operational region in which they inhabit. Depending on the application, sensor nodes may have to transport a time-varying load of sensing data. However, medium access protocols used in WSNs are not generally designed to deal with time varying traffic and may be efficient only...
The growing popularity of sensor networks has resulted in the creation of various MAC protocols, each optimized for a different set of application requirements. However, all of these heterogeneous MAC protocols are designed under the assumption that all nodes in the wireless environment use a common MAC protocol. When multiple sensor networks are deployed in the same wireless environment, this assumption...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been widely used in many important areas. MAC protocols have a significant effect on the function of WSN. This paper introduced various important MAC protocols, analyzed the fundamental mechanism of each MAC protocol in details, and compared the characteristics and performances of each MAC protocol. Finally, the future research strategies and trends of MAC protocols...
TDMA-based MAC protocols are considered an energy efficient solution to prolong wireless sensor network lifetime. The topology learning and collection process, together with the used scheduling scheme, are essential parts in the design of such MAC protocols. Previous MAC and multihop scheduling protocols rely completely on CSMA to exchange topology scheduling information. However, for large or dense...
Mobility together with energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks have imposed significant challenges for the medium access control (MAC) protocol design to provide reliable communication with good data rates and low energy consumption. Most of the MAC protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks assume static sensor nodes, which usually causes degradation in network performance in scenarios...
The wide range of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications makes it necessary to design MAC protocols that not only save energy and extend network life, but also improve network throughput, bandwidth utilization, and latency performance. In this paper we propose LASA (low-energy adaptive slot allocation) to replace the fix slot size in classical time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes by a...
This paper introduces I-MAC a new hybrid medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). I- MAC combines both CSMA and TDMA techniques while introducing prioritization. It aims to improve energy efficiency as well as channel utilization. I-MAC is composed of two phases: a setup phase and a transmission phase. During the setup phase, several operations such as neighborhood discovery,...
Due to the nature of low sensing range, limited power capacity, high density, more efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols are needed to achieve low latency, low power and high throughput in wireless sensor networks. This paper summarized the key requirements for MAC protocol design and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of existed MAC protocols and outlined promising directions for...
In this paper, a novel variable rate based time frame scheduling scheme is proposed to further reduce collisions and improve energy saving in wireless sensor networks. The MAC combines CSMA and TDMA functionalities, while obviating their shortcomings. After being assigned, slot 0 is preserved as the pre-schedule slot to inform neighbor nodes the schedule of the senders. During this pre-schedule slot,...
This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a hybrid MAC protocol, called Z-MAC, for wireless sensor networks that combines the strengths of TDMA and CSMA while offsetting their weaknesses. Like CSMA, Z-MAC achieves high channel utilization and low latency under low contention and like TDMA, achieves high channel utilization under high contention and reduces collision...
This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a new MAC protocol, called A- MAC, for wireless sensor networks. A-MAC combines the strengths of TDMA and CSMA to achieve the goal of low power transmissions for long-term surveillance and monitoring applications, where sensor nodes are typically vigilant for a long time and inactive most of the time until some event is detected...
Energy efficient dense wireless sensor network design makes extensive use of spatial redundancy and appropriate MAC mechanism. CSMA is integrated with TDMA while filtering out the spatial correlation with a so-called HS-Sift MAC protocol. The entire sensing region is divided into three sub-areas for different channel access methods. The nodes near to the border sleep most of the time, nodes close...
In this paper, we propose a novel local framing pre-schedule scheme to improve energy saving in CSMA/TDMA hybrid MAC layer of wireless sensor network. This MAC combines CSMA and TDMA functionalities together, while obviates their shortcomings. Usually, in a hybrid CSMA/TDMA MAC such as ZMAC, all the receivers have to perform low power listening all the time to wait for in-coming data. Although low...
Energy efficiency is a main consideration in the design of MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. Traditional MAC protocols for wireless local networks are not good solutions for sensor networks. A low power multiple access protocol based on spatial TDMA and CSMA with preamble sampling makes use of the power saving property of TDMA and preamble sampling technique to decrease the energy consumption...
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