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The paper highlights the main characteristics of Virtual Power Plants (VPP). A Virtual Power Plant is a cluster of distributed generation units (such as photovoltaic power plants, wind turbines or small hydro) and any other sources of power that can cooperate together in the local area, and are controlled by a central control entity. An analysis of a VPP that is used to cover the load is performed...
Wind generators are increasingly being integrated into high voltage transmission systems as well as low or medium voltage distribution systems. The increased penetration of wind generators into power grid may significantly change the system voltage profile, losses and other operating characteristics. This paper investigates the effects of wind generators on voltage profile and losses of a distribution...
Along with the rising energy consumption in the world, new technologies will influence the way we generate, distribute and consume energy. Alongside others, distributed energy generation becomes a major trend in many countries. The fast upward penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the ongoing trend towards a more competitive electricity market requires new technologies and policies...
This paper proposes a novel strategy of control of the active power flow from the power system grid to a micro grid by a power electronic transformer (PET), consisting of controllable loads and distributed energy resources (DER), both renewable and non-renewable. A 60 Hz, step down transformer is generally used at the Point of common coupling (PCC) of a micro grid to connect to the power system grid...
The emergence of large amounts of distributed energy resources (DER) poses new challenges for the active participation of those units in the control of the grid. In this context, a recent development is the microgrid, which presents a coordinated approach for integrating the DER in the electrical grid. Microgrids are able to operate either connected to the distribution grid or in islanded mode. In...
High levels of distributed generation have been installed in power systems and even a greater amount is expected to be deployed in the near future, with a large percentage likely to come from renewable energy sources. As such, Distribution System Operators (DNOs) will need to change their old “business as usual” passive approach, to one that adopts integration of control and communication technologies,...
Active distribution networks have the capability to allow the distributed energy resources integration at reasonable costs, opening new business opportunities. Although the sharing of responsibility among the system stakeholders (e.g., the Civil Society, the DSO and DER owners) is essential, undeniably they pursue different, and sometimes opposite goals. The authors, by adopting multi objective programming...
Distributed energy resources are increasingly being connected to the utility grid by means of an inverter. The basic information necessary for these inverter-connected distribution units are the frequency and phase angle of the utility grid. The phase angle can be estimated using phase-locked loops (PLLs). Voltage unbalance, harmonics and other kinds of undesirable pertubations are common conditions...
The share of distributed generation (DG) in the power system generation is increasingly grown up and for the economical and technical reasons; their integration is deeply concentrated by the researchers. This paper reintroduces the integration of distributed energy resources (DER), i.e. DGs, controllable loads and energy storages, into micro grid and virtual power plant (VPP) and also reviews their...
The presence of distributed generation poses new challenges in the management and operation of electrical grids. Distributed generation (wind, combined heat and power, etc.) already accounts for 20% or more of total generation in some electric utilities and this figure is constantly increasing worldwide. TSOs, DSOs and energy markets need to have some visibility on a large number of small power injections...
Microgrids may be a prospective power system that addresses the renewable energy technologies (RET) accompanying necessary growing deployment of distributed energy resources (DER), especially small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) and small-scale renewable energy sources (RES). This article introduces the RET expected to be applied in the microgrids system depending on the RES. The RET include:...
In electricity grids the frequency of the voltage is stabilized by a combination of the rotational inertia (rotating mass) of synchronous power generators in the grid and a control algorithm acting on the rotational speed of a number of major synchronous power generators. When in future small non-synchronous generation units replace a significant part of the synchronous power generation capacity,...
Around the world, a rapidly increasing growth of distributed energy resources (DER) based on renewable energy sources (RES) can be observed. This is due to the increase in energy demand combined with restriction in building new large scale power plants and a search for carbon-free technologies for energy production. Among the existing renewable distributed generation technologies, wind turbines (WT)...
Electric Utilities permitting interconnection of generation (small and/or large) on their power systems have long had standards which any entity wishing to interconnect has to meet. Recently the growing importance of distributed generation (mostly less than 10 MVA), especially using renewable sources, has prompted the creation of IEEE Std. 1547 which sets requirements and guidelines for interconnecting...
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