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Protein turnover, orchestrated by a large array of proteases, protein complexes, and organelles consumes one-fifth of the human energy. In many diseases this homeostasis is lost resulting in loss of tissue function. One such group of diseases are the fibrotic disorders in which there is progressive fibroproliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. The causes of these diseases are sometimes identified,...
Wound healing and tissue repair are critical processes, and adenosine, released from injured or ischemic tissues, plays an important role in promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Recent studies in genetically manipulated mice demonstrate that adenosine receptors are required for appropriate granulation tissue formation and in adequate wound healing. A2A and A2B adenosine receptors stimulate both...
The liver lobule is formed by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, constituting the two hepatic epithelial cell populations, as well as by cells that are collectively defined as nonparenchymal cells (1–4). Morphometric and functional analyses indicate that hepatocytes occupy almost 80% of the total liver volume and perform the majority of liver functions.
Mechanical forces, whether internally generated or externally imposed, are an important determinant of tissue structure and function in physiological and pathological states and for engineering functional tissue constructs in vitro. Similarly, embryonic and fetal development of a variety of tissues is, at least in part, orchestrated by mechanical cues although such influence is seldom acknowledged...
Chronic liver disease (CLD) can be defined as a complex pathophysiological process of the liver that involves a progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and an increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral hepatitis and alcohol are considered the two most important etiologies for CLD, although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)...
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