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In this chapter we describe the structural alterations observed in failing human myocardium. We review the current literature and compare these reports with our own findings. One of the earliest significant structural changes is the occurrence of myocyte hypertrophy and a significant degree of reactive fibrosis, which are the major factors causing diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we describe equivalents...
Cardiac stress can induce morphological, structural and functional changes of the heart, referred to as cardiac remodeling. Myocardial infarction or sustained overload as a result of pathological causes such as hypertension or valve insufficiency may result in progressive remodeling and finally lead to heart failure (HF). Whereas pathological and physiological (exercise, pregnancy) overload both stimulate...
Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, is a principal cause of death in individuals with obesity and diabetes. However, the mechanisms of obesity- and diabetes-induced heart disease are multifaceted and remain to be clearly defined. Of relevance to this review, there is currently great research and clinical interest in the endocrine effects of adipokines on the myocardium and their role...
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