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Whether there is any association between urinary incontinence and menopause is the subject of debate, partly due to the fact it is difficult to tell the difference between the effects of menopause and those of ageing. For some time it was hoped that hormonal treatment for menopause would be beneficial for urinary incontinence because there are hormonal receptors in the urinary tract. The goal of this...
In recent years the perimenopause has become recognised as a ‘window of vulnerability’ for women's mood. The risk of depression during perimenopause is high and treatment failure is common. Perimenopausal depression encompasses both new onset (first episode) depression occurring during perimenopause as well as a relapse during perimenopause in women with a history of depression. Perimenopausal depression...
Hormone therapy is highly effective for the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness, but commonly leads to unscheduled vaginal bleeding and spotting. This frequently leads to invasive investigations to exclude underlying malignancy and is also very unpopular amongst users. In most cases, no pathology is found and the mechanisms underlying this irregular bleeding are poorly understood...
To investigate if women with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience changes in MS symptoms related to pregnancy, the postpartum period, menopause or use of oral contraception (OC) or postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT).Women with diagnosed MS were recruited from registers of all MS patients known in two counties of Sweden, respectively. Ninety-four women were recruited in Linköping and 52 in Sundsvall...
Conventional oestrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) increases the incidence of breast pain and tenderness, mammographic density and the risk of breast cancer. Combined oestrogen plus progestogen therapy (EPT) increases the risk of breast cancer to a greater degree than oestrogen alone (ET). Attention must therefore be focused on identifying women at risk of breast cancer or on producing a HT that has...
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