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Virtually all organisms adapt to stress in order to prolong their survival. At the subcellular level, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) responds to stress by inducing ER-specific signaling pathways to reestablish homeostasis between protein synthesis and processing, a mechanism called the unfoldedprotein response (UPR). However, when cells endure a persistent irreversible state of ER stress,...
β-cell dysfunction is central to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes. Reduced islet number and/or diminished β-cell mass/volume in the pancreas of type 2 diabetic subjects have been reported by many authors, mainly due to increased apoptosis not compensated for by adequate regeneration. In addition, ultrastructural analysis has shown reduced insulin granules and morphological changes in several...
Ca2+ is a universal messenger regulating not only specific cellular functions during a cell’s lifetime, but also the progression through the life cycle per se, which is concluded by the execution of an orderly self-elimination process upon completion of its physiological mission. The ability of the cell to commit self-destruction in a controlled fashion through a series of precisely regulated, biochemically...
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