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The age of intellectual debates in France between the Revolution in 1789 and the Dreyfus Affair at the turn of the centuries is one of the key sources that enable the understanding of the modern political culture. It concerns, in particular, the modern concept of liberty that became one of the defining values shaping the European political discourse. Thus, the post-revolutionary France remains an...
What has conservative liberalism in common with modern (socialist) liberalism? The former is generally considered right wing, whereas the latter – clearly left wing. In order to provide an answer to the question, not only must one specify the meaning of “liberalism”, but also cast some light upon the ever blurry distinction between right and left. The question is answered, first, by laying down two...
The Liberal Democratic party “Niepodległość”/“Independence” was a radically anti-communist party and its aim was to overthrow the communist regime and make Poland an independent country, for the party had no doubt that other elements of its agenda could be realised only after Poland achieved independence. Its uncompromising anti-communist stance made the party reject the agreements made at the Round...
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