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Methods to protect a power system from faults that are not cleared because of failure of a power circuit breaker to operate or interrupt when called upon by a protective relay are described in this guide. The intent is to give the reader a guide in how to detect that a breaker has failed to clear a fault, and how to electrically isolate the fault after the breaker has failed to clear the fault. Additionally,...
The paper deals with comparing the reliability and continuity of supply to traction power systems and compare it with the level of deliveries to all other customers in the distribution area of ČEZ Distribuce. It examines the causes of the disruption of clarity and also shows to the map. The present electric rail transport is very dependent on the continual electrical energy supply both for transport...
The authors describe the field evaluation of a new class of distribution protective equipment. Baseline reliability indices are established for six circuit laterals under investigation. Model data is compared to the baseline data, and expectations established. Finally, the actual data is compared to both the baseline and model data, and recommendations are made for further study and alternative applications...
Overcurrents on distribution systems include permanent faults, temporary faults and other lower magnitude surges, typically from switching events. The overcurrent environment of the distribution system requires quantification if improvements are to be made in power quality, protection and reliability. New and more complex overcurrent protection products require more exact knowledge of feeder conditions...
Correct operation of the protection system is of vital importance for the reliability and security of supply. Information of protection system faults is therefore important for different purposes such as quality of supply regulation and as input data to security and reliability analysis. This paper provides a comparative review of the Norwegian and Finnish fault statistics for line and transformer...
Protection and control systems play important roles in power system operation and for the reliability and security of supply. This paper presents main results from a study of incorrect operations of protection and control systems on the voltage levels 1 - 420 kV in Norway, comprising mainly false and missing operations. The statistics for the period 1999 - 2003 show that false or unwanted operation...
Because in competitive electricity market the power generation companies, power grid companies and load service entities belong to different economic bodies respectively, so that in the system operation, planning and design the consideration of the factors impacting system security and reliability is obviously different from those in traditional power systems. The economic equivalent of security and...
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