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This paper proposes a class of optimal and robust controller for the islanded AC microgrid (MG) system which is composed of wind turbine generator (WTG), photovoltaic generator (PV), fuel cell (FC), micro turbine (MT), battery energy storage (BES) and loads. The proposed controller has two main functions: rationally utilizing MT, FC and BES, and regulating the AC bus frequency deviation. For such...
Frequency control is significant to maintain the stability and reliability of islanded microgrids. Generation side controls, e.g., virtual synchronous generator control and droop control, have been widely adopted to stabilize the frequency of islanded microgrid. However, this is not ideal method due to the capacity limitation and power fluctuation of distributed generation(DG). Meanwhile, energy storage...
This paper presents the validation of a rule-based control strategy trying to maximize the self-consumption of PV-converted power and providing frequency containment reserve power at the same time with a battery energy storage system placed in a residential household with roof-top PV-plant. The single model of a residential household is integrated in a simulation model of a virtual battery energy...
Lately, new solutions have been added to the control of autonomous grids, which improve the way the power grids operate. These changes may affect the reliability and safety of power distribution grids, the dynamic stability being a real concern. This issue is more prominent in autonomous microgrids (MGs) with high penetration of renewable energy sources. On this topic, this paper aims to study how...
A method for formulating system frequency response (SFR) model-derived frequency indexes into optimum framework of sizing energy storage systems (ESSs) that participate in frequency control in power systems is presented. A novel simplified SFR model, approximating frequency and governor responses with quadratic and linear functions respectively, is first developed, leading to a fast and accurate computation...
Achieving a high-level of stability represents one major concern in autonomous microgrids (MGs) with high penetration levels of renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to study how photovoltaic (PV) power plants can provide dynamic frequency support in an MG, in order to obtain an improved stability for the entire power system. On the PV side an energy storage subsystem is added, which...
This paper presents an operation strategy for microgrids to provide inertial and frequency response using the kinetic energy stored in their induction motor (IM) loads. This is achieved by actively controlling the microgrid electrical frequency in systems that connect to the network through an asynchronous link. The strategy is demonstrated to provide an inertial response to disturbances inside a...
The sustained development of renewable electric power sources demands new solutions for the integration of small-scale, distributed and volatile generation with limited predictability into the European energy markets and power grid. The aggregation of multiple distributed energy resources with adjustable loads and energy storage systems on a conceptual level as virtual power plants and on a geographical...
The hierarchical control structure of a microgrid can be described as consisting of four levels: processing, sensing and adjusting, monitoring and supervising, and maintenance and optimizing. This paper focuses on the secondary control level, which can be classified as centralized or decentralized control. A comprehensive investigation of both centralized and decentralized control is presented in...
Droop control is an effective power sharing control scheme of distributed generation (DG) inverters in islanding AC microgrid, which can stabilize the grid as long as the distributed generation systems have sufficient residual power. On the contrary, many loads have equipped with power conversion circuits in front to improve the operational efficiency, e.g. air conditioners and LED lighting, which...
This paper presents a methodology for determining the optimal size of a Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) which supplies secondary frequency control in electrical power systems. The objective is to achieve the optimal investment for installing a VRB while taking into account its impact on the power system. Through stochastic optimization, the proposed methodology allows computing the variable operative...
The operation of micro-grid based renewable energy usually considers efficiency and economy in comprehensive. The control strategy based on master micro-source (MS) constant voltage constant frequency (CVCF) networking is introduced. The voltage and frequency of micro-grid is established by the master MS, and the slave MS operated on the maximum power point tracking mode, in order to achieved micro-grid...
Massive effective integration of renewable energies into the electric grid is an issue in almost all electric power systems. These renewable energy sources (RES) are usually based on wind and solar photovoltaic generation and cannot maintain a power reference due to variations in wind and solar irradiance. Currently the integration of these renewable energy sources is possible in strong power systems...
Large penetration of renewable energy is currently attenuated by concerns regarding their impact on the controllability and reliability of the electrical system. As the inclusion of energy storage is to a great extent the solution to these issues, this paper proposes a methodology for approaching the calculation of the size of the energy storage to be connected to a PV power plant for providing inertia...
This paper provides a brief look over the main frequency control issues related to the operation of microgrids with renewable energy sources. Starting from the regulation of the classical power systems regarding the frequency control, the MGs can use similar control techniques adapted to the typical units that can be found in such systems. On this line, this paper analyzes the main frequency-controlling...
The increasing penetration of wind power to the electrical grid leads to the need of a stronger contribution of wind turbines to grid control, concerning quality and stability. For the purpose of controlling the active power injection, depending on the needs of the grid and not depending on the power generation, energy storage systems can be used. In this paper this kind of system with a bidirectional...
Photovoltaic power plants pose some challenges when integrated with the power grid. The PV plants always focus on extracting the maximum power from the arrays. This makes the PV system unavailable for helping in regulating the grid frequency as compared to conventional generators. The objective of this paper is to introduce a pseudo power point tracking which provides frequency regulation functionality...
A proportional-plus-integral (PI) controlled based small-signal analysis of isolated autonomous hybrid system with different energy storage combinations is presented in this paper. The hybrid systems supplying power to isolated loads comprise of different renewable energy resources such as wind, photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and diesel engine generator (DEG) along with the energy storage devices...
In this paper, a frequency control method is introduced for photovoltaic-diesel hybrid system by using a load estimator and an energy storage system. The proposed method is compared with a fuzzy based frequency control method. Simulation results show that the proposed method is feasible to reduce the frequency deviations of the isolated power utility and delivers maximum power compared to the fuzzy...
This paper presents a frequency control method by coordination control of a wind turbine generator (WTG) and a battery using H∞ control theory. The output command of the WTG is based on wind speed conditions and the output is controlled by pitch angle control system using H∞ controller. H∞ control is also used in the output command system of the battery which is determined according to the frequency...
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