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Asymmetric building structures force to build the earthing arrangements, the armouring of the building and the equipotential bonding system to be asymmetric as well. Another reason of asymmetries in earthing and equipotential bonding arrangements in symmetric building structures is the unawareness of planners and construction workers. As a consequence the building's electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)...
Photovoltaic (PV) systems has been playing a key role during the last years in the evolution of electricity sector. Concerning the design issues for guaranteeing security and safety, it is particularly important to take into account that a PV plant is a "special" system of generation, in which the presence of a d.c. generator results in changings of the technical rules used for the design...
There is generally an absence of a methodology that explains the logic behind the design of the lightning protection, noise control and grounding system for a telecommunication facility. Common types of telecommunications sites that require grounding include radio sites, roof mounted cabinets or shelters, ground mounted cabinets and shelters, satellite sites, data centers, cable chambers and central...
Although Class A Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) have been responsible for a substantial reduction in residential electrocutions, their limitation on system voltage (maximum 240 V) and their maximum allowable leakage current of 6 mA make them impractical for 480 or 600 V industrial power systems. UL 943C defines special-purpose GFCIs that can be used on systems up to 600 V and allow for...
A Maintenance Mechanic received a serous electric shock troubleshooting a small acid pump. Investigation revealed incorrect motor connection by a “Qualified Person”. So why did the electrician, with over 20 years' experience, known to be Qualified, responsible, proficient and who constantly maintained focus on safety, make such a mistake?
The lightning performance of overhead transmission lines is affected by many factors. Most of those factors are nature driven and are not predictable or controllable. Of those controllable factors affecting a line's lightning performance, the one that can be dealt with most cost-effectively is the transmission line's shielding. However, at some utilities, the design and selection of the line shielding...
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