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In grounding system design, there are many parameters that affect touch voltage, step voltage, and grid resistance such as depth of grid, mesh size, number of rod, length of rod, size of buried conductor, etc. This research simulated effect of mesh size, number of rod, and length of rod, where 3 design models were created. Model 1 using 4 rods with length per rod 3m and mesh size 20 × 20m, model 2...
This paper investigates the use of smart meters to detect hazardous conditions on rural LV networks with a TN-C-S earthing system. Various hazards that can be detected by taking voltage and current measurements at the transformer and customer installations are identified and evaluated. These hazards include PEN conductor failure, transformer LV earth electrode high impedance failure and hazardous...
Electromagnetic Models (EM) for analysis of grounding systems are based on least possible approximations in the solution of Maxwell's equations. The complexity of the EM calculations motivated the creation of more engineer-oriented and less time consuming methods for analysis of grounding systems. One of the most commonly used methods is the transmission line (TL) model. In this paper a new, improved...
Large-scale ground-mounted PV plants, because of their large extend and localization, can be subject to lightning strikes. When a lightning strike falls into the area of the PV plant, the earthing system is affected by the current flowing in the lightning channel and potentially dangerous overvoltages may occur. Thus, the investigation on the performance of the grounding system is of paramount interest...
Personnel safety cum consistency is the important consideration in the functioning of the power systems. These concerns aid the design of earth-mat. This paper is more focused on the design of earth-mat for a 11kV substation. Earth-mat is basically a solid metallic plate or conductors buried in shallow depths to provide safety measures by reducing the severe touch and step voltages in important areas...
This paper deals with the optimization of grounding grids geometry. The goal is to reduce the amount of material to deploy a grounding grid, while keeping the system security. The touch voltages, step voltages, GPR and ground resistance are parameters of grounding grids and are related to safety aspect. Also discussed is a genetic algorithm used for optimizing ground grids, which can assume any form...
The article shows a possibility to measure the instant value of the consumed current in electrical devices or in branches of the electric power grid, without specialized sensors. As it is demonstrated, in some types of electrical networks the neutral conductor could be used as a current sensing device and as an energy source. The measuring of the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and...
The possibility to measure the instant current consumption of electrical devices or in branches of the electrical network, without specialized sensors, was evaluated. As it will be shown below, in some types of electrical networks the neutral conductor could be used as a current sensing device. Reading of the voltage difference between the neutral conductor and the protective conductor can supply...
Grounding grid is an important equipment to guarantee the safety and reliable of power system. It should be diagnosed regularly to prevent from corrosion, which is significant to ensure the safety of people and equipment. It has a significant value to do some research on the algorithm of grounding grid diagnosis. Contact voltage, step voltage and ground resistance are the most important characters...
This paper describes hands-on solid modeling experience of the safe optimal ground grid design (less copper) for a large Extra High Voltage (EHV) substation. The optimized ground grid meets the IEEE-80 standards for safety without compromising on step or touch potential thresholds. The ground grid has been designed in CDEGS using fault current flow concepts, and multiple injection points simulate...
This paper is an overview of the different types of grounding, bonding and alarming systems available throughout the world. There has been much confusion and discussion regarding the preferred method of grounding and bonding of power system on board vessels such as pleasure crafts, cargo and naval vessels. This paper will discuss the pros, cons, advantages and disadvantages of each method. It will...
This paper presents touch voltage reduction technique for uniform and two-layer soil by applying grid compression ratio. The design of ground grid is discussed pertinent to its maximum touch and step voltage produced for a given GPR. The parameters are analyzed to ensure that they conform to the IEEE 80-2000. It is found that, for a given GPR, the maximum touch and step voltages of the rectangle grid,...
The ongoing international demonstration project (ITER) will be located on a 1200 m long and 800 m wide platform belonging to an even larger site including neighboring areas to the site boundary fences. This whole complex requires a full grounding system which constitutes an electrically large grounding grid. Due to the long construction time, a particular attention is required to deal with safety...
This paper presents an alternative methodology for the grounding resistance calculation of vertical electrode arrays through a computational algorithm. This algorithm was developed based on the fundamental equations for the self and mutual resistance between grounding rods calculation being it's result confronted with the a model based on the finite element method (FEM) and the formulas found in the...
A grounding practice which has been widely adopted as a personal protective measure for carrying out de-energized line works is causing many fatal accidents. The conclusion was arrived after analyzing a fatal accident. This method of protective grounding is still practiced by many distribution companies without realizing the imminent danger involved. The paper explains how this particular practice...
The grounding of electrical systems has become commonplace with little or no thought given to the consequences of indiscriminate grounding. The study of the history of application of electricity with respect to grounding reveals that early procedures that solved the problem at hand resulted in dangerous and hazardous electrical conditions years later. Lessons that Edison learned and have been forgotten...
Industrial substation grounding studies usually assume a simple isolated substation, follow the routine IEEE 80 design and analysis procedures using the software tools bundled with the power systems analysis suite of choice, and carry on with the rest of the project. However, there can be complications to substation grounding designs. This paper discusses two case studies where a ground fault in one...
The following work investigates the risk of electrocution from earth potential rise at transmission substations and nearby third party locations as a result of a power system earth fault. Current earthing standards use a deterministic approach where the risk assessment considers a set of worst-case conditions. However, it is recognised that most of the parameters involved in calculating the earth...
The ability of a horizontal earth electrode in reducing earth potential rise is limited because, beyond a certain length known as the effective length, no further reduction is obtained. In this paper, field experiments and computer simulations of a horizontal earth electrode is presented. The electrode was energised using different sources (dc, variable frequency ac and transients of different shapes),...
This paper presents the application of coupled 1D and 2D isoparametric discontinuous boundary elements for calculation of large grounding systems. Indirect method of boundary elements was applied. Parts of long thin grounding conductor (e.g., tapes, grids, mashes or rods) are discretization with a 1D linear isoparametric discontinuous boundary elements. Boundary surfaces of solid grounding conductor...
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