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In Le Rouge et le noir (1830), the protagonist Julien Sorel’s quest for upward social mobility is facilitated by father figures and romantic partners. Abandoned by his abusive father, Julien is inspired by Napoleon and the surgeon-major, and aided by several other father figures: the priests Chélan and Pirard, M. de Rênal, and marquis de La Mole. Further, his own paternity is a predominant theme in...
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