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Despite numerous studies, there is still no clear idea on the fine mechanisms of dysfunction of the brain dopamine system during the formation of alcohol dependence. In this work, we studied the expression of genes that encode tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme of dopamine synthesis, dopamine transporter (DAT), dopamine receptors of the second subtype (DRD2) in the midbrain, and dopamine receptors...
Rationale Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcohol and drug dependence are equally important. Exposure to early life stress, that is unfortunately common in the general population, has been shown to predict a wide range of psychopathology, including addiction. Objective This review will look at the characteristics of early life stress that may be specific predictors for...
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