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Energy-efficiency in underwater networks is a key issue that affects all aspects of network design, from hardware to protocols and applications. In this paper we analyze the impact of node density on the energy consumption in transmission, reception and idle-listening, in a network where nodes follow a duty cycle scheme. We consider the energy performance of the network for different scenarios, where...
Wireless networks with the shared media require Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol that provides contention resolution mechanism. The design of MAC protocol in underwater sensor networks is a challenging issue because of limited energy source and high propagation delay. The most important goal of the MAC design for underwater sensor networks is to resolve data packet collision efficiently with respect...
Free space optical (FSO) links for sensor networks can provide data rates that can range from bits/s to hundreds of Mb/s. In addition, FSO links using blue-green lasers or light emitting diodes can provide underwater communication over distances of tens of meters. Compared to acoustic technology, optical communication provides larger bandwidths, faster propagation speeds, and reduced multipath fading...
Underwater sensor networks present a unique set of challenges due their long propagation delays, low data rates, and high transmit power. These require a thorough redesign of medium access control (MAC) functionalities. In this paper, we focus on the important case of a broadcast MAC, where all neighbors of a node are the intended receivers. Neither RF broadcast solutions, nor existing underwater...
Recently, there has been a growing interest in monitoring aqueous environments using Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). In these networks, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are responsible for coordinating the access from active nodes into the acoustic channel, which is characterized by high propagation delay and low data rate, which is challenging for system synchronization, energy...
The hostile seawater channel condition poses research challenges of designing reliable and efficient communication protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Especially, long propagation delay of acoustic waves in water makes networks poor performance. Due to low channel utilization of traditional TDMA protocol, in this paper, we present a new medium access control (MAC) protocol called I-TDMA,...
A medium access control (MAC) protocol permits the nodes to access the shared medium by providing contention resolution mechanism. The design of MAC protocol in ad hoc networks becomes a more challenging task due to the interruptible energy source or limited battery life of nodes. This brings energy efficiency as the preliminary goal of the MAC protocol. MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor...
Different from terrestrial wireless networks that use radio channel, underwater networks utilize acoustic channel, which poses great research challenges in medium access control (MAC) protocol design due to its low available bandwidth and high propagation delay characteristics. In addition, the high bit-error, high transmission energy cost, and complex multi-path effects in underwater environment...
Research into underwater acoustic communication has focused on time division multiple access (TDMA) communication protocols. Within a front-seat/backseat control architecture, effective communication is not guaranteed due to the strict clock synchronization requirement of the TDMA protocols. In the event of dropped messages during the cycle, the strict clock requirement can lead to message overlap...
Designing of media access control (MAC) protocol is one of the major challenges in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Because of the long and changeful propagation delay, MAC protocols for traditional terrestrial sensor networks are unavailable. We propose a TDMA-based approach which is easy to dispose and energy-efficient. In brief, our MAC protocol includes the lightweight synchronization designed...
The MAC protocol is one of the most concerned issued for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWASNs). Distinguishing with the radio frequency (RF) communication for the terrestrial wireless sensor networks, the peculiarity of acoustic communication in underwater environment causes many issues of energy consumption, propagation delay, time synchronization and other factors when designing the sensor...
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