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The discrete emotion theory proposes that affective experiences can be reduced to a limited set of universal “basic” emotions, most commonly identified as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. Here we present norms for 10,491 Spanish words for those five discrete emotions collected from a total of 2,010 native speakers, making it the largest set of norms for discrete emotions in any language...
The introduction of 4D ultrasonography has made it possible to study the ontogeny and development of facial expressions in utero, albeit with some limitations. Interest in facial expressions dates back to antiquity and for centuries had to do with reading facial morphology or so-called ‘physiognomy’ (from the Greek words physys meaning nature and gnosis meaning knowledge). Aristotle wrote the first...
The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior Research Methods, 2014) is a standardized set of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). NAPS has been primarily standardized along the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and approach–avoidance, yet the characteristics...
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