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Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR), previously referred to as primary reserves, are an important component for the safe operation of the Continental Europe grid. The growing share of renewables represents a forthcoming challenge since FCR are generally provided by synchronous generators. In this paper, batteries are associated with a power-to-heat system (P2H) composed of electrical resistances,...
This paper presents an analysis methodology to consider the effects of customer-side battery energy storage systems (BESS) on electricity distribution networks motivated by power-based tariffs. The paper describes the methodology by which the network effects can be defined. The methodology is verified by applying actual distribution network and load data. The analysis shows that transition from traditional...
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